Mass movement is the shifting of rocks and loose materials down a slope

Through the erosion of bays, headlands form. These headlands get eroded from the side in by hydraulic action from the wave which refract around the headland. This creates caves which get eroded all the way through the headland creating an arch. Over time the roof of the arch becomes less stable due erosion causing it to fall creating the stack. The bottom of the stack over time will erode until the stack collapses creating a stump.

The formation of a spit begins due to a change in the direction of a coastline, or a change in the prevailing wind direction. Where there is a break in the coastline and a slight drop in energy, longshore drift which has been occurring further up the coastline, will deposit material at a faster rate than it can be removed. A ridge (new land) will form out at sea. If the wind direction changes, or the spit begins to form over an estuary, the sand will start to curve forming a hook and recurved laterals. Sand dunes and vegetation can form on the hook. Eventually water will become trapped behind the spit and it will become marshy and muddy, this is known as a salt marsh. If the spit traps water behind it, this is known as a lagoon. If the spit is at right angle to the land, it is known as a divergent spit.

Build-up of sediment along a coastline from sediment that has been eroded

An obstacle
Strong onshore prevailing winds
A wide expanse of sand that is not covered in low tide.

The dune grows even taller and the sand starts to turn to rich and moist soil. This allows much larger vegetation and some climax trees to grow. This is called a fixed dune or grey dune.

Sunlight - Needed for the algae, which is in symbiosis with the polyps, to photosynthesise.

Clean, clear water - They grow faster in clear water as sunlight is allowed to penetrate more easily

Mangroves are shrubs or small trees that grow in costal environments. They are a tropical vegetation, commonly found in the intertidal zone; the area that is above water at low tide and below water at high tide. They are the only trees that are capable of thriving in saltwater and have adapted to living in these conditions in a number of ways.

Start over water in low pressure zones. Water needs to be 26oC or higher. Heat and humidity rise from the ocean. Converging winds force air to rise. The Earth’s rotation causes the storm to spin. Northern hemisphere storm spins anticlockwise, Southern hemisphere storm spins clockwise. Wind at 74mph is a tropical storm like a cyclone, hurricane or typhoon. Tropical storms dissipate when over cold water or land.