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Predicting Health Behaviours: Cognitive and Social Cognitive Models…
Predicting Health Behaviours: Cognitive and Social Cognitive Models
Definition
maintain, attain, or retain good health
Prevent / detect illness / diseases
improve health & wellbeing
Matarazzo's Type of health behaviours
Health Protective behaviour
Health Impairing habits
Kluckhohn & Murray (1948) 3 levels of personality analysis
Human Nature
Group Differences
Individual/ uniqueness
Julian Rotter (1966) Locus of Control
Internal
External
learned concept, not innate disposition
Dimensions of Attributions
Internal VS External
Stable VS Unstable
Global VS Specific
Controllable VS Uncontrollable
Depression (higher risk)
-ve events due to stable and global causes
Risk Perception
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
Unrealistic Optimism
Stages of Change (SOC) Model
Precontemplation (Not Ready)
Contemplation (Getting Ready)
Preparation (Ready)
Action
Maintenance
Advantages
applied widely to treat unhealthy habits
Intervention can be customised
Can be used to research health behaviours
Criticisms
Stages may overlap
Behaviours are complex
target behaviour is multidimensional
difficult to assess for readiness
assumes that people make stable and coherent plans
Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)
Motivation
task self-efficacy
Outcome expectations
Perception of risk/ threat appraisal
Intentional Stage
Action
coping self-efficacy
Action control
Health Belief Model
developed in the 1950s to study why people not using the public health services (aka polyclinic)
A person will take preventive action...
Health motivation
perceived threat
Factors
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
Cues to action
Evaluation
Contributions
Research support for individual factors
predictions true for behaviours e.g. vaccinations, regular dental visits, etc
useful in health promotion behaviours
Criticisms
habits may not be a result of conscious choice
no standard way of measuring components
Ignores role of socio-economic variables
ignores role of emotions or self-beliefs
factors such as outcome expectations and self-efficacy not included
health beliefs may change
Protection Motivation Theory
5 behavioural intentions
susceptibility
Severity
Response effectiveness
self efficacy
fear
Cognitive Appraisal
Applications
Cancer prevention
Exercise/ diet/ healthy lifestyle
Smoking/ Alcohol abuse
HIV/ AIDS prevention
Adherence to medical-treatment regimens
wearing helmets/ driving safety
Vaccinations
Evaluation
contributions
research support for behavioural intentions
perceived susceptibility not as good a predictor
self-efficacy, severity response effectiveness good predictors of change
habits may not be a result of conscious choice
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
Attitudes
Subjective norms
Strong intentions to perform a given action
positive evaluation
believe that important others think they should perform it
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Identify key determinants for a particular behaviour
Individual's attitude
Individual's subjective norms
Perceived behavioural control
Focus of theory
self-efficacy
perceived control
Evaluation
contributions
increase blood donation / organ donation
promote safe sex practices
Predict smoking behaviour
Change beliefs of exercise during pregnancy
encourage exercise for elderly
predict impact of marketing strategies for health promotion
Criticisms
Attitudes, personal control and behavioural intentions may overlap
Assumes all decisions are a result of rational choice
Assumes a causative relationship between variables and intentions
ignores role of emotions in decision making
Intentions may not always lead to behaviour
difficulty in operationalising variables for measurement or research