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Chapter 14 (laws of inheritance (Gregor mendel formulated a theory of…
Chapter 14
laws of inheritance
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Genes have alternate forms, of alleles. In a diploid organism, the two allels of a gene segregate during meiosis and gamete formation.
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In heterozygotes, the two alleles are different; expression of the dominate allele mask the phenotypic effect of the recessive allele.
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The law of independent assortment states that the pair of alleles for a given gene segregates into gametes independently of the pair of alleles for any other gene
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Inherance paterns
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incomplete dominance of either allele- heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes
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multiple alleles- in the population, some genes have more than two alleles
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Human traits
analysis of family pedigrees can be used to deduce the possible genotypes of individuals and make predictions about future off-springs.
Many genetic disorders are inherited as simple recessive traits. most affected individuals are children of phenotypically normal, heterozygous carriers
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Lethal dominant alleles are eliminated fro the population if effected people die before reproducing. non lethal dominance alleles and lethal ones that strike relativity late in life can be inherited in a mendelian way
Many human diseases are multi factorial- that is, they have both genetic and environmental components and do not follow simple inheritance patterns
Amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling can indicate weather a suspected genetic disorder is present in a fetus.
Probability
The multiplication rule states that the probability of two or more events occurring together is equal to the product of the addition rule.
The addition rule states that the probability of an event that can occur in two or more independent, mutually exclusive ways is the sum of the individual probabilities.
A dihybrid or other multi character cross is equivalent to two or more independent mono hybrid crosses occurring simultaneously.