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23 old man has severe face/arm muscle spasms. Patient can hardly speak and…
23 old man has severe face/arm muscle spasms. Patient can hardly speak and has a fresh tattoo on his shoulder. The tattoo parlor was sketchy. Blood test was ordered and results show he is infected with Clostridium tetani: a common bacteria found in soil that can be transmitted by using dirty needles.
Upstream
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Flaccid Paralysis: muscle tone is lacking in the affected muscles and in which tendon reflexes are decreased or absent
Tetany: condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium
Background
Clostridium Tetani
A bacterium that causes tetanus and is found in soil and in the intestinal tract of humans and many domestic animals. Toxin made by spores of bacteria
Toxins act at several sites within the central nervous system, including peripheral motor end plates, spinal cord, and brain, and in the sympathetic nervous system.
Steps of excoytosis
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Priming:These modifications are required for signaling processes that trigger exocytosis to take place.
Fusion: vesicle temporarily fuses with the cell membrane long enough to create a fusion pore and release its contents to the exterior of the cell.
Muscle Contraction
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2) Chemical reactions lead to muscle fibers reorganizing themselves in a way that shortens muscle (contraction)
3) Nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses and the muscle fibers rearrange and the muscle relaxes
Twitch, Summation, Tetany
Twitch:A single contraction that lasts only a fraction of a second 1) Latent phase 2) Contraction phase 3) Relaxation phase
Summation: Increase the force of contraction by increasing frequency of the stimulus of muscle fibers
Tetany: Sustained contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation is rapid that there's no relaxation
Systems
Nervous: Muscle spasms, twitches
Circulatory: rapid heart beat,
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Digestive: Trouble swallowing: Diarrhea, bloody stool
Downstream
Fatal?
Severe tetanus-induced (tetanic) muscle spasms can interfere with your breathing, causing periods in which you can’t breathe at all. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death. Lack of oxygen may also induce cardiac arrest and death. Pneumonia is another cause of death.
Signs
Stiffness in jaw, neck, and abdominal muscles
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fever, sweating, high blood pressure, rapid heart rate