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52-year old female veteran who has recently discovered a problem with her…

- - - - Arachnoid
        
        middle layer
        
        subarachnoid space
        
        contains CSF
      - Pia
        
        Deepest layer
        
        covers spinal cord, nerve roots, and their blood vessels
      - Dura
        
        Most superficial
        
        loose connective tissue
    - - contains cell bodies of interneurons
    - - middle open space containing CSF
    - - bundle of motor neurons that leaves the anterior she of the spinal cord
      - travels to organs and muscles
    - - columns of myelinated axons
    - - contains cell bodies of motor neurons traveling to skeletal muscles and glands
    - - bundle of sensory neurons that enters the posterior side
    - - lateral in the spinal cord
      - autonomic motor neurons
    - - enlargement along the dorsal root of a spinal nerve
      - sensory cell bodies reside here
    - - narrow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord
    - - slightly wider groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord
  - - - 2nd neuron
        
        interneuron in the dorsal horn
      - 3rd neuron
        
        neuron in the thalamus that connects with cerebral cortex
      - !st order
        
        brings information to the spinal cord
      - Example: Spinocerebellar Tract
        
        starts in the spine and ends in the cerebellum
      - Example: Spinothalamic Tract
        
        starts in the spine and ends in the thalamus
    - - motor tracts
      - upper neuron
        
        inside brain or brainstem
      - lower neuron
        
        neuron that synapses with the muscle
      - skeletal muscle
      - indirect
        
        direction for movement come from brainstem
        
        balancing
      - direct
        
        direction for movement come from cerebral cortex or cerebrum
      - Example: Corticospinal Tract
        
        direct motor tract
        
        starts in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord
  - - - form myelin sheath in PNS
    - - gaps between Schwann cells
    - - nucleus and organelles are found
    - - ends of the axon that contain synaptic vesicles
    - - carries impulse away from the cell body
    - - receives incoming signals
    - - granules of rough ER in the cytoplasm of neurons
    - - fatty layer that serves as electrical insulation
    - - cells that form myelin sheath around the axons
    - - cone shaped area where axon leaves the cell body
  - - - multiple extensions
    - - one extension.
    - - two extensions
    - - sends impulses TOWARD CNS
      - afferent
    - - sends impulses from CNS to effectors
      - efferent
    - - conduct impulses within the CNS and process information
  - - - groove located in the occipital cortex
    - - anterior to central sulcus; motor cortex
    - - groove separating front and parietal lobe from temporal lobe
    - - groove separating frontal and parietal lobe
    - - inferior to lateral sulcus; reception and processing of sound
    - - myelinated axons
    - - language and calculation of the dominant hemisphere side
    - - processing and cognition
    - - ridge directly anterior to central sulcus; somatosensory cortex
    - - vision
    - - personality, mood, social conduct and language
    - - memory and language
- - - - upper motor neuron
    - - lower motor neuron
- - - - patient is 52
  - - - patient was a Gulf War veteran
- - - - surgically created hole at the front of the neck leading to windpipe, to assist with breathing
- - - - combination of vitamins for emotional liability
        
        B-1
        
        B-6
        
        B-12