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Ch. 21 Vascular Plants Without Seeds (The Megaphyll Line of Evolution:…

- - - - plants have
        
        multicellular sporophyte
        
        multicellular gametophyte
    - - unicellular
      - coleochaete
    - - first sporophyte
        
        formation
        
        zygote germinated
        
        mitotically
      - liverworts
        
        riccia
        
        ricciocarpus
    - - after dibiontic life cycle
        
        gametophyte
        
        sporophyte
        
        both became
        
        larger
        
        more complex
        
        vascularlzed
- - - - vascular land plants
        
        cooksonia
        
        extinct
        
        earliest
        
        characteristics
        
        short cylinders
        
        no leaves
        
        simple, upright stems
        
        equal dichotomous branching
        
        branches
        
        equal size
        
        vigor
        
        rhyniophytes
        
        rhynia
        
        aglaophyton
      - examples
        
        aglaophyton
        
        lynophyton
        
        phynia
        
        sciadophyton
        
        horneophyton
        
        similar to
        
        anthoceros
        
        phaeoceros
  - - - zosterophyllum
        
        extinct #
        
        enations
        
        outgrowths
      - characteristics
        
        many
        
        shared
        
        small herbs
        
        no secondary-growth
        
        similar to rhyniophytes
        
        unique
        
        exarch prostele
        
        sporangia open transversely
        
        sprangia lateral
      - other types
        
        rebuchia
        
        crenaticuaulis
        
        asteroxylon
  - - - early vascular plants
        
        two types
        
        xylem organization
      - types
        
        prostele
        
        solid mass of xylem
        
        no pith
        
        endarch prostele
        
        protoxylem center
        
        metaxylem differentiates
        
        on outer edge
        
        exarch prostele
        
        metaxylem center
        
        protoxylem on edge
        
        siphonostele
        
        evolved later
        
        pith in center
        
        occurs in
        
        stems
        
        ferns
        
        seed plants
- - - - members of
        
        genera
        
        drepanophycus
        
        genera
        
        baragwanathia
      - resembles zosterophllophytes
        
        except
        
        large enations
        
        increased photosynthesis
    - - microphylls
      - proposed
        
        lycophylls
  - - - clustered
        
        strobili
        
        cones
    - - five genera
        
        phylloglossum
        
        selaginella
        
        isoetes
        
        stylites
        
        lycopodium
  - - - common in
        
        forests
        
        tropics
        
        to arctic
      - "ground pine"
      - "club moss"
      - characteristics
        
        prostrate rhizomes
        
        true roots
        
        small herbs
        
        short, upright branches
      - species
        
        plesiomorphic
        
        (relictual)
        
        homosporous
        
        resurrection plant
        
        S. lepidophylla
    - - ligule
  - - - distinct evolution
      - resemble zosterophyllophytes
      - types
        
        sigillaria
        
        stigmaria
        
        lepidodendron
- - - - extinct
        
        psilophyton
        
        pertica
        
        trimerophyton
    - - overtoping
        
        trimerophytes
        
        one stem
        
        more vigorous
      - pseudomonopodial branching
        
        pertica
        
        single, main trunk
    - - from rhyniophytes
      - in Lower Devonian
  - - - leaves
      - at least three
      - examples
        
        enations/microphylls
        
        megaphylls
        
        on gametophytes
        
        nonvascular plants
      - megaphylls
        
        leaves evolved
        
        from branch systems
        
        telome theory
        
        by
        
        plantation
        
        webbing
        
        telomes
        
        present in
        
        seed plants
        
        ferns
        
        equisetophytes
        
        megaphyllous plants
        
        form
        
        monophyletic clade
        
        euphyllophytes
  - - - three synapomorphies
        
        megaphylls
        
        30-kilobase inversion
        
        roots exarch xylem
    - - monilophytes
      - lignophytes
        
        woody plants
    - - ferns
        
        marattiales
        
        ophioglossales
        
        leptosporangiatae
      - fern allies
        
        equisetophytes
        
        psilotales
  - - - arthrophyta
      - aka sphenophyta
    - - several extinct plants
      - one genus
        
        equisetum
        
        15 extant species
        
        horsetails
        
        scouring rushes
    - - reproductive system
        
        sporangiophore
        
        umbrella shaped
      - gametes
        
        male
        
        bisexual
    - - evolutionary line
        
        through
        
        trimerophytes to
        
        rhyniophytes
      - monopodial growth
  - - - two types of
        
        sporangia
        
        fundamentally differ
      - eusporangium
        
        initiated by
        
        periclinal divisions
        
        small, multilayed cells
        
        outer cells
        
        develop into
        
        sporangium wall
        
        relatively large
        
        sporangium
        
        many spores
      - leptosporangia
        
        initiated by
        
        single surface cell
        
        division
        
        forms
        
        small
        
        outward protrusion
        
        results in
        
        small set
        
        sporangeous cells
        
        thin covering
        
        sterile cells
        
        few spores
        
        leptosporangia
        
        derived trait
    - - contain simplest
        
        living vascular plants
      - psilotum
        
        similar to
        
        rhynia
        
        aglaophyton
        
        "whisk ferns"
        
        highly derived
        
        found in
        
        tropical
        
        subtropical
        
        United States
        
        Gulf Coast
        
        Texas to
        
        Florida
        
        Hawaii
      - tmesipteris
        
        found in
        
        Australasia
        
        Australia
        
        South Pacific Islands
    - - equisetophytes
        
        15 living species
      - monilophytes
        
        12,000 living species
        
        almost all
        
        leptosporangiate ferns
      - ferns
        
        found
        
        in most habitats
        
        like
        
        moist, shady forests
        
        lakesides
        
        dry, hot deserts
        
        woodsia
        
        cheilanthes
        
        on water
        
        salvinia
        
        azolla
        
        submerged
        
        ceratopteris
        
        others
        
        epiphytes
        
        polypodium
        
        vines
        
        lygodium
        
        at nodes
        
        leaf trace
        
        leaf gap
        
        leaves
        
        in most ferns
        
        underside
        
        sori #
        
        clusters of sporagia
        
        meiosis occurs
        
        sorus
- - - - vascular tissue
      - lack seeds
      - reproduction hidden
        
        "crypto"
    - - flowers
      - fruits
      - seeds
      - etc