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Vascular Plants without Seeds (Microphyll Line: Lycophytes # (Heterospory,…
Vascular Plants without Seeds
Early Vascular Plants
Rhyniophytes
Equal dichotomous branching
Xylem
endarch protostele
protoxylem is in center, metaxylem differentiates on edge
exarch protostele
metaxylem in center, protoxylem on edges
siphonostele
pith is in center
seed plants
protostele
no pith
Zosterophyllophytes
small herbs, no secondary growth
sporangia
lateral
opened transversely along top edge
xylem exarch protostele
enations
outgrowths that looked like scales
Microphyll Line: Lycophytes
#
Morphology
microphylls
not really leaves
Heterospory
cones
strobili
Extant Genera
lycopodiums or selaginellas
distinguished by ligule
Megaphyll Line: Euphyllophytes
#
Trimerophytes
overtopping
one stem more vigorous
pseudomonopodial branching
single main trunk
Origin of Megaphylls(Euphylls)
megaphylls
telome theory
telomes align on a planation, and develops webbing
sporophylls instead of just leaves
euphyllophytes
plants form a monophyletic clade
monilophytes
ferns
#
lignophytes
woody
Monilophytes
Ferns
#
leptosporangiate ferns
leaf trace
located at nodes
leaf gap
small segment of parenchyma
sori
underside of leaves, clusters of sporangia
eusporangia
Marattiales
Ophioglossales
Psilotales
Equisetophytes
horsetails (scouring rushes)
herbs w/o secondary growth
sporangiophores
monopodial growth
main trunk
lateral branches
true leaves
true roots
Vascular Cyptogams
ferns and fern allies
symplesiomorphies
level of evolutionary advancement, not a family tree
