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Complex Cognitive Processes (Problem Solving: Formulating new answers,…
Complex Cognitive Processes
Metacognition
knowledge or awareness of self as knower
Evaluating:
Making proper judgments about the process and outcomes of thinking and learning
Planning:
Deciding how much time to give to a task, which strategies to use, what to pay attention to, etc.
Reflection:
Reviewing what happened and adapting for the future
Monitoring:
Real-time awareness
Learning Strategies
Behavioral, Cognitive, Metacognitive Approaches
Visual Tools:
Importance of identifying main ideas, understanding the information, and making connnections
Concept Maps, Underlying, Highlighting
Reading Strategies:
Use of mnemonics
Problem Solving:
Formulating new answers, going beyond the simple application of previously learned rules to achieve a goal
General Problem Solving Strategies
General Problem Solving Strategies include identifying, goal setting, exploring, acting, and evaluating
Schemas, Worked Examples, Analogies, Models
Specific Problem Solving Strategies
Solution Strategies
Algorithms: Step by Step prescription for achieving a goal. If implemented properly, the right answer is guaranteed.
Heuristics: General strategy that might lead to the right answer
Means-Ends Analysis: The problem is divided into a number of intermediate goals or sub-goals, and then a solution can be determined for each.
Working-Backward Strategy: Begin at a goal and move back to the unsolved initial problem. Good way to set intermediate deadlines.
Analogical Thinking: Limits the search for solutions to situations that have something in common with the one being faced
Factors that Hinder Problem Solving
Functional Fixedness: focused too strongly on conventional uses
Response Set: Getting stuck on one way of representing a problem
Representativeness Heuristics: Making judgments about possibilities based on what we think is representative of a category
Availability Heuristic: Judgments based on the availability of the information in memories
Confirmation Bias: Tendency to search for information that confirms our ideas and beliefs
Creativity:
The ability to produce work that is original but still appropriate and useful
Thinking Processes
Divergent Thinking: the ability to propose many different ideas or answers
Convergent Thinking: more common ability to identify only one answer
Restructuring the problem which leads to a sudden insight
Brainstorming: separating the process of creating ideas from the process of evaluating them
Evaluation inhibits creativity!
Critical Thinking and Argumentation
Critical Thinking: process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information
Critical Thinking Skills
Corroboration
Contextualization
Sourcing
Argumentation: Process of constructing and critiquing arguments, and debating claims