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Genetics (A genome is stored in long molecules of DNA. Small sections of…
Genetics
A genome is stored in long molecules of DNA. Small sections of DNA, called genes, code for the protein molecules required by the organism. Each cell's genome is contained within a membrane bound structure called the nucleus. The long molecules of DNA are called chromosomes which link directly to the chromosomes, making them have a direct relationship.
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Genes are the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA, some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. Which connects genes and proteins directly, however many genes do not code for proteins.
And lastly a trait is a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person. Character traits are valued aspects of a person's behavior. Everyone has character traits, both good and bad.
The definition of Punnet squares are that it is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of particular cross or breeding experiments.Image result for punnett squares.
Mutations
Bad mutations: Bad mutations or harmful mutations may cause genetic disorders. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in or or a few genes. Mutations can affect an organism by changing its physical characteristics (or phenotype) or it can impact the DNA codes the genetic information.
Good mutations: Good mutations are changes in DNA of an organism, it can be beneficial depending on where the mutation is on the genetic code. Beneficial mutations include lactose tolerance, and trichromatic vision.
Indifferent mutations: Neutral mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that are neither beneficial nor detrimental meaning it does not really affect the organism. Not affecting its ability to survive and reproduce.
Alleles: one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. Alleles are connected to chromosomes because they are both found on the nucleus of most living things.
In the science world articles "Two Faced Cats" it talks about how females can have different colors than males because of their two X chromosomes.
Punnett Squares
Homozygous: Homozygous is having two identical alleles of particular gene or genes. For example having a gene such as HH, this classifies as homozygous dominant. Since there are two uppercase letters the gene is classified as dominant.
Recessive: With homozygous genes you can also have something like hh. Since there are two lowercase letters this is called homozygous recessive, since there are no dominant traits in the gene.
Dominant: A dominant gene, or a dominant version of a gene, is a particular variant of a gene, which for a variety of reasons, expresses itself more strongly all by itself than any other version of the gene.
Genotypes: Genotypes are the genetic constitution of an individual organism. Such as someone having an eye color. Though not to specify the color of the eye, just recognizing that there is an eye color. Which leads me into phenotypes. 
Phenotypes: Phenotypes are an organisms physical expression of the genes. So the connection to phenotypes and genotypes are that they are both connected to genes. Like I said before genotype identifies the fact that you have an eye color but the phenotype identifies the color. Such as say having blue eyes or green eyes.
Heterozygous: Heterozygous is having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. For example having a gene such as Hh. There is a lowercase and an uppercase representing heterozygous. There is only one type of heterozygous genes because all of them are dominant. When there is at least one uppercase letter this qualifies the gene as a dominant allele.
Reproduction
Advantages of Asexual: If you choose to reproduce asexually there are also advantages. Such as you don't have to wait to find a mate. You are the only thing that you need in order to have offspring, so that whole issue of finding a mate is gone.
Disadvantages of sexual: If you choose to reproduce sexually there are disadvantages. Such as the process is much longer. You have to essentially find someone to mate with and the time it takes to do that and then actually have the offspring does take a while. It is not a quick process.
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction: If you choose to reproduce sexually there are also advantages. Such as if you are diagnosed with an internal illness your offspring is not guaranteed to have that. Which is different that asexual because if this does happen the offspring will 100% get the illness.
Disadvantages of Asexual: If you choose to reproduce asexually a disadvantage is it is basically like having a clone. If you have a disease or something internally wrong with you that will be passed on to your offspring.
Natural Selection
The process of which organisms better adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Environmental pressures like predators, changes in climate or competition.
Such as the peppered moths because the camouflage of the light colored moths no longer worked. So the dark colored moths were able to live longer and reproduce more.
Or bacteria because some colonies of bacteria can reproduce several generations in just one day. Exposing researches to evolution and natural selection .
And lastly the ability to tolerate sugar and the lactose in milk. A lot of adults are unable to drink milk because there intestinal system. But recently adults are able to do this.
Artificial Selection
International breeding of plants or animals. Meaning the same thing as selective breeding and is the ancient method of genetic engineering.
Farming livestock has been castrated for centuries, while those males with genotypes, phenotypes of humans have been used as breeding livestock.
Another example is thoroughbred racehorses, different horses get chosen to breed to make the "best" horse possible.
The meat that we eat are results of the selective or artificial breeding of cows, pigs, sheeo, and chickens. Which supplies us with the food that we eat.
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Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. They carry the genetic information in the form of genes. structures within cells that contain a person's gene. Chromosomes and genes are also directly linked because genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus.
Proteins are large compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by elements. A gene codes for a particular protein that is involved in the expression of a trait. Which also shows a direct link between proteins and traits.
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The Newsela article that I chose was asexual lizards with genetic variety. I chose this because it explains that these specific lizards that reproduce asexually are less vulnerable because they get twice the amount of cells then the usual amount from the mother. Which connects to asexual reproduction. It can have its disadvantage but this is an advantage for the lizard.
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