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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination (Wind…

- - - - spores: (1n), no syngamy, mitosis to create gametophytes (1n)
      - megagametophytes: female, created from megaspores
      - sporocytes: diploid (2n), have organs that undergo meiosis to produce spores (1n)
      - microgametophytes: male, created from microspores
    - - heteromorphic: gametophytes to not resemble sporophytes
  - - - Stamens: all stamens = androecium #
        
        microsporocytes produce 4 microspores by meiosis
        
        tapetum = "nurse cells" for microspore development
        
        filament is the stalk
        
        pollen = broken microspore tetrad
        
        produce pollen in anther (1n)
      - Petals: all petals = corolla
        
        "leaf-like": chlorophyll and other pigments, few/no fibers, thinner
        
        attract pollinators by modifications
        
        sepals + petals = perianth
        
        petals not developed in wind-pollinated species
      - Carpels: make up the gynoecium #
        
        Ovary: inside are placentae = tissues that hold ovule
        
        Ovule: has central mass of parenchyma called the nucellus
        
        fertilized ovule = seed with surrounding ovary becoming fruit
        
        3 parts: Stigma (catches pollen grains), style (elevates stigma), ovary (megaspore production)
        
        Nucellus: has hole at the top called the micropyle
        
        holds megasporocytes that undergo meiosis to make 4 (1 used) megaspore
      - Sepals: lowermost, outermost appendage
        
        thick, tough, waxy
        
        all sepals together = calyx
        
        modified leaves that hold immature flower parts
  - - - generative cells: divide mitotically to form 2 sperm cells (microgametes)
      - pollen tube: made when pollen lands on stigma to reach ovule
    - - embryo sac: multinucleate megagametophyte by mitosis
        
        3 small antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus with 2 synergids and an egg (megagamete)
        
        central cell with 2 polar nuclei
  - - - (2n) zygote as the result
  - - - Pericarp: entire fruit wall
        
        mesocarp: inner fleshy layer
        
        endocarp: stones or thin
        
        exocarp: outer layer, skin or peel
- - - - chemical reactions between pollen and carpal that prevents pollen grain growth
      - test pollen tube and pollen grain surface for proteins produced by gene #
        
        inhibit if gene matches incompatibility gene
  - - - imperfect flower: lacks one or both
      - perfect flower: has both
  - - - also with birds and bats
- - - - Types: raceme, spike, umbel, head
- - - - dehiscent fruits: break open and release seeds
      - indehiscent fruits: doesn't break open, fleshy
      - Fruit Types