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Knowledge Acquisition (Scopes and Types of Knowledge (Major categories of…

- - - - A representation of only surface level information that can be used to deal with very specific situations
    - - A representation of information about the internal and causal structure of a system that considers the interactions among the system's component
  - - - A representation of facts and assertions. Knowing that something is the case: e.g. Paris is the capital of France
    - - Information about courses of action. Involves knowing how to do something like riding a bike
    - - Knowledge about how an expert system makes decisions would be considered meta-knowledge. More generally, knowledge about knowledge
- - - - KE elicits knowledge from the expert or other sources and then codes it in the knowledge base
      - Three manual methods: Interviewing, tracking reasoning process and observing
        
        Interview (structured and unstructured)
        
        The most commonly used form of knowledge acquisition is face to face interview analysis
        
        This is an explicit technique that appears in several variations
        
        It involves direct dialog between expert and knowledge engineer
        
        Information is collected with conventional instruments (e.g. tape recorders, questionnaires) and transcribed, analyzed and coded
        
        In interview, expert is presented with a simulated case or with an actual problem of the type that the ES will be expected to solve
        
        The expert asked to talk the knowledge engineer through solution, Sometimes this method is called the walk-through method
        
        Interviewing Techniques
        
        The Informal Interview: To familiarise the knowledge engineer with the domain and the particular problem which the proposed expert system is intended to solve
        
        The Focused Interview
        
        Similar to ordinary "chat show" discussions where interviewer interested in a topic of which the interviewee is knowledgeable
        
        It is normally conducted by following a pre-determined agenda. Initially prompted with the question
        
        The Structured Interview
        
        Normally occur well into the knowledge acquisition phase
        
        They are used when information is required in much greater depth and detail than the other techniques can offer and is more interrogative than conversational
        
        Guidelines
        
        The knowledge engineer studies available material on the domain to identify major demarcations of the relevant knowledge
        
        The knowledge engineer reviews the planned ES capabilities and identifies targets for the questions to be asked during the knowledge acquisition session
        
        The knowledge engineer formally schedules and plans the structured interviews (using a form). Planning includes attending to physical arrangements, defining knowledge acquisition session goals and agendas and identifying or refining major areas of questioning
        
        The knowledge engineer may write sample questions, focusing on question type, level and questioning techniques.
        
        The knowledge engineer ensures that the domain expert understands the purpose and goals of the session and encourages the expert to prepare before the interview.
        
        During the interview, the knowledge engineer follows guidelines for conducting interviews
        
        During the interview, the knowledge engineer uses directional control to retain the interview's structure
        
        Do's and Don'ts
        
        It is essential to record and transcribe all the (video/audio-taped) interviews
        
        Transcripts should be clearly cross referenced to (video/audio-tape) recorder counter numbers
        
        Include all the sketches, photocopies or reproductions of diagrams, tables or the like, that were referred to during the interviews
        
        Once completed a copy should be sent to the interviewee for comments and corrections. There is always the possibility of misunderstanding by the knowledge engineer when interpreting a statement/
        
        By involving the expert in validating his or her own transcript it reduces the chance of erroneous information appearing in the prototype's knowledge base
      - Manual methods are slow, expensive and sometimes inaccurate
  - - - The induction method, which generates rules from a set of known cases, can be applied to build a knowledge base
      - The roles of the expert and knowledge engineers are minimal
      - The term automatic may be misleading, it indicates the contributions from KE and an expert are relatively small