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Utilitarianism (Act Utilitarianism (Utility principal (Hedonic Calculus in…
Utilitarianism
Act Utilitarianism
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"morality and law were made for man, not man for morality and law" - Bentham
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Bentham's principles - everyone is equal, majority should be considered, society is a collection of individuals
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Problems found with utilitarianism by Bentham - who does the measuring of pleasure? what counts as pain/pleasure?
criticisms of Bentham
Pettit - "so long as they promised the best consequences ... it would forbid absolutely nothing: not rape, not torture, not even murder"
Animal experimentation
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"In order for medicine to progress, there must be experimental research" - Bernard
For
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"the greatest of all the prejudices we have retained from our infancy is that of believing that beasts think" - Descartes
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Mill
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allows vivisection as it is believed by many scientists as essential for the protection of future generations
Other Scholars
Sidgwick
"it seems arbitrary and unreasonable to exclude from the (utilitarian) end ... any pleasure of any sentinent being"
Singer
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"speciesism allows researchers to regard the animals they experiment on as items of equipment" - outrageous
Nuclear Weapons
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Trident
submarines, missiles, warheads
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Countries
Pakistan, India, North Korea - attained nuclear capabilities
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Against
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"in a nuclear war, there would be no victors, only victims" - Pope Benedict XVI
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Bentham
would agree with use of nuclear deterrents as the end goal is to keep the peace - "greatest good for the greatest number"
Mill
"better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied" - seen has higher pleasure as it is for justice and protection of country
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Two Rule Utilitarianism
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"if you have a conflict of duties, one of them isn't your duty" - Hare