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A 23 year old male is demonstrating severe face and arm muscle spasms. He…
A 23 year old male is demonstrating severe face and arm muscle spasms. He can hardly speak. The patient got a tattoo yesterday on his shoulder from a "sketchy" tattoo parlor. Lab tests show he is infected with Clostridium tetani, a bacterium found in soil and can be transmitted using dirty needles. He has never been vaccinated against this bacterium. This bacterium produces a toxin that effects neurons.
Systems involved
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
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Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury
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Neuromuscular junction
- Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron
2.Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal, moving down its electrochemical gradient
- Ca2+ entry causes ACh to be released by exocytosis
- ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
- ACh binding opens chemically gated ion allowing Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+ out
- ACh is broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase and diffused away from the junction
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Differences between a twitch, summation and tetany
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Clostridium tetani
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In the spinal cord, tetanus toxin is then transferred to inhibitory presynaptic terminals surrounding those motor neurons
The toxin then destroys a synaptic membrane protein resulting in inactivation of inhibitory neurotransmission that supresses motor neurons and muscle activity
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Widespread intoxication through the systemic circulation results in continuous involuntary muscle contrations
Local internalization and transport of toxin can result in a localized state of muscle hyperexcitability
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