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Altered ventilation and diffusion can be caused by... (Inflammation #…
Altered ventilation and diffusion can be caused by...
Inflammation
#
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
caused by
damaged alveolar epithelium
leads to
systemic inflammatory response
sepsis
results in pulmonary edema
that damages alveolar capillary junction
damaged type II alveoli unable to secrete surfactants
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manifests as
tachypnea
dyspnea
hypotension
treatment entails
oxygen therapy
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
reinflates alveoli
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
characterized by
inflammation of alveoli and bronchioles
Asthma
interplay of
inflammatory process
promotes
mucous plugs
destruction of respiratory epithelium
hypersensitivity reactions
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
promote
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triggered by environmental allergens
#
smoke
mold
animal hair
manifests as
anxiety
tachypnea
respiratory alkalosis at first followed by acidosis
hypoxia
treatment entails
anti-inflammatory drugs
bronchodilators
action/treatment plan to avoid triggers
Chronic bronchitis
caused by
environmental pollutants
#
chronic smoking
irritate airways
leads to
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manifests as
chronic productive cough (with purulent sputum)
extended expiratory phase
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
treatment entails
smoking cessation
pulmonary rehabilitation
bronchodilator therapy
Emphysema
can be caused by
chronic smoking
triggers the inflammatory response
damages the extracellular matrix in the lungs
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genetically inherited AAT deficiency
#
protective enzymes in the lungs that prevent
#
pulmonary vascular damage
#
connective tissue syndromes
#
manifests as
dyspnea
barrel chest
chronic productive cough
treatment entails
smoking cessation
drug therapy
increases AAT production
anti-inflammatory drugs
bronchodilators
antibiotics
Pneumonia
can be either
hospital acquired (nosocomial)
more severe in
immunosuppressed individuals
community acquired
aspiration induced
caused by inflammatory response in which
alveoli fill with exudate
that causes
impaired oxygen diffusion
hypoxia
metabolic acidosis
dehydration
manifests as
chills
cough
fever
sputum production
dyspnea
diagnosed with
Complete blood count
elevated WBC count
Chest radiography
identifies areas of consolidation
treatment entails
antibiotics
such as macrolides
Oxygen therapy
IV fluids
Chest physiotherapy
Genetics
Cystic fibrosis
caused by
mutation of CF gene (or CFTCR gene)
on both inherited CF alleles
leads to
impaired electrolyte transportation on mucosal surfaces
cAMP-regulated chloride transport
unable to secrete Cl-
results in
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excessive Na+ absorption
#
excessive H2O absorption
#
manifests as
respiratory infections
chronic cough with sputum (mucoid or purulent)
tachypnea
treatment entails
anti-inflammatory drugs
clearing mucus from airways
bronchodilators
enzyme supplements to reduce malabsorption