In defining identity versus sameness, Locke argues from the principle of individuation: no two things of the same kind can occupy the same place at the same time. Furthermore, there is no general rule for principles of identity across all things; identity, therefore, is relative to the kind of thing. Thus, Locke distinguishes between atoms, plants, living organisms (plants and animals), and persons (man). Locke defines a “person” as a thinking, intelligent being (138). Consequently, a person is composed of a consciousness (which includes awareness of the body), which includes a memory and, therefore, a distinct identity. According to Locke, personal identity matters because of the importance of assigning responsibility to the correct individual to uphold justice. However, via a series of thought experiments, Locke also distinguishes between man and person: the man includes both body and consciousness, whereas the person is only the consciousness.
