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Patient: 52 year old female who has challenges completing normal tasks…

- - - - 3 order neurons
        
        spinal cord
        
        dorsal horn
        
        thalamus
        
        cerebral cortex
        
        2 order neurons
        
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    - - precentral gyrus
        
        basal nuclei
        
        cerebellum
        
        descending spinal cord tracts
    - - Upper motor neurons
        
        Lower motor neurons
        
        sensory neurons
        
        interneurons
        
        visceral motor neurons
        
        somatic motor neurons
        
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    - - white matter
        
        gray matter
        
        pia mater
        
        arachnoid mater
        
        dura mater
        
        dorsal gray horn
        
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    - - Sulci
        
        Gyri
        
        Precentral gyrus
        
        Central gyrus
        
        Postcentral gyrus
        
        Longitudinal fissure
        
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    - - Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
        
        Proteins
        
        Lipids
        
        Carbohydrates
    - - neurons
        
        oligodendrocytes
        
        Muscle fibers
        
        osteocytes
    - - Brain
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Muscles: masseter,temporlais,esophagus,obicularis oris,
        
        Diaphragm
        
        Trachea
        
        Lungs
        
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    - - Nervous System
        
        Muscular System
        
        Respiratory System
        
        Skeletal System
    - - Primary motor cortex
        
        Frontal lobe
        
        Precentral gyrus
  - - - Ascending tract: sensory tracts where receptors through the body collect info and its sent to the brain
        -they have 3 neurons:
        -1st order neuron:sensory neuron that brings info to the spinal cord -2nd order neuron: interneuron in dorsal horn of the spinal cord
        -3rd order neuron: neuron in the thalamus that connects with the cerebral cortex -EXAMPLE: Spinothalamic tracts-starts in the spinal cord and ends up in the thalamus
        
        Descending tract: motor tracts where motor neurons in the brain give the directions and skeletal muscles respond -they have 2 neurons: -upper motor neuron: in the brain or brainstem -lower motor neuron: neuron that synapses with the muscle -EXAMPLE: Corticospinal tract- starts in the cerebral cortex and ends in the ventral horn of the spinal tract ( the tract affected with ALS)
    - - Precentral gyrus: where the primary motor center is located it contains the motor homunculus,based on the size of a body part indicates how many motor neurons travel there
        
        basal nuclei- prevent unwanted movements
        
        cerebellum: assists the precentral gyrus with skeletal muscle movements and enables smooth movements if not it sends out corrections
        
        descending spinal cord tracts: where motor neurons give directions and skeletal muscles respond with movement
    - - Upper motor neurons: in the brain or brainstem
        
        Lower motor neurons: neuron that synapses with the muscle
        
        Sensory neurons: transmit sensory impulses to the CNS
        
        Interneurons:processes/integrates sensory impulses then predicts the correct motor response
        
        visceral motor neurons: conducts impulses to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
        
        Somatic motor neurons: move skeleton
        
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    - - respiration(breathing) and movement
    - - white matter: myelinated axons
        
        gray matter: dendrites+cell bodies
        
        pia mater: deepest, thinnest layer attached to outer surface of the brain
        
        arachnoid mater: middle layer with stringy proteins
        
        dura mater: most superfical,thickest layer attached to the bones of the skull
        
        dorsal gray horn: gray matter posterior in spinal cord & contains cell bodies of interneurons
        
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    - - Sulci: small indentations in the surface of the cerebrum
        
        Gyri: raised bumps on the surface of the cerebrum
        
        Precentral gyrus: anterior to central sulcus and the location of the primary motor area.(one affected by ALS)
        
        Cenrtral gyrus: gyrus in between the postcentral and precentral gyrus
        
        Postcentral gyrus: posterior to central sulcus and the location of the primary sensory area.
        
        Longitudinal fissure: deep indentation that divides the cerebrum into 2 cerebral hemispheres
        
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    - - Nucelic acids-DNA: genetic instructions(SOD1 gene couldve been affected it impacts motor neurons) RNA:takes genetic info out of nucleus and make a protein
        
        Proteins: help a cell carryout almost any function
        
        Lipids: store energy
        
        Carbohydrates: provide body with energy
    - - Neurons: specialized cells of the central nervous system(specifically motor neurons are affected with ALS)
        
        oligodendrocytes: cells that form myelin sheaths around axons of neurons in CNS
        
        Muscle fibers:Muscle cells
        
        Osteocytes:mature bone building cells
    - - Brain: processes information
        
        Spinal cord: relays messages from the brain to different parts of the body to preform an action
        
        Muscles: masseter&temporalis(chewing muscles), esophagus(swallowing muscle),obicularis oris(closes the lips)
        
        Diaphragm: contracts when you inhale
        
        Trachea: windpipe that provides air to the lungs for respiration
        
        Bones: support,protect, and allow movement(all bones are affected)
        Patient injured: patella(knee extension)
    - - Nervous System:detects an responds to stimuli
        
        Muscular System: movement and heat production
        
        Respiratory System: does gas exchange
        
        Skeletal System: body's framework & protects organs
- - - - Complications: speaking problems Treatment: communication technologies
        
        Complications: dementia
        Treatment: cognition enhancing medication and rehabilitation and occupational therapies
  - - - Complications: breathing problems Treatment: CPAP or BiPaP or a tracheaostomy
  - - - Complications: eating problems due to malnutrition an dehydration
        Treatments: feeding tube
- - - - Indirect Cause: Smoking, environmental toxin exposure,and military service
  - - - Indirect Cause: Hereditary,age,sex,and genetics