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61 year-old male, after suffering a stroke now cant speak, use his right…

- - - - regulates motor
        movements & assist with equilibrium (balance)
      - arbor vitae
      - cerebellar hemispheres
      - vermis
    - - Parietal Lobe
        
        involved with general sensory functions.
      - Occipital Lobe
        
        processes visual information and stores visual memories.
      - Temporal Lobe
        
        responsible for processing the senses of hearing and smell.
        
        wernicke area
        
        located in left hemisphere, involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending written or spoken language
      - Insula
        
        deep to the temporal lobe and is involved with memory and interpretation of taste
      - Frontal Lobe
        
        involved with motor functions,
        concentration, decision making, planning & personality.
        
        contains broca area in left frontal lobe which is the motor speech area
        
        Precentral gyrus contains primary motor cortex
      - divided into left and right hemispheres
    - - Olfactory nerve
        
        sense of smell
      - 2.Optic nerve
        
        sense of vision
      - 3.Oculomotor nerve
        
        Movement of eyeball
        Regulates pupil size & lens shape
      - 4.Trochlear nerve
        
        Movement of eyeball
      - 5.Trigeminal nerve
        
        3 branches that collect sensory information from the face, anterior scalp, and teeth
        
        Regulates contraction of chewing muscles
      - 6.Abducens nerve
        
        Movement of eyeball
      - 7.Facial nerve
        
        Movement of facial muscles
        
        Regulates lacrimal glands & salivary glands
        
        The sense of taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
      - 8.Vestibulocochlear nerve
        
        senses of hearing & equilibrium
      - 9.Glossopharyngeal nerve
        
        Regulates muscles of tongue & pharynx
        The sense of taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue)
      - 10.Vagus nerve
        
        Collects sensory information from thoracic & abdominal viscera
        
        Parasympathetic regulation of heart, lungs, & abdominal organs
      - 11.Accessory nerve
        
        Regulates contraction of head and neck muscles
      - 12.Hypoglossal nerve
        
        Regulates contraction of tongue muscles
    - - intermediate mass of the thalamus
        
        structure communicates between the right and left sides of the thalamus.
      - thalamus
        
        relay center to & from the cerebrum; it also filters out sounds and sights.
      - hypothalmamus
        
        controls the release of hormones from
        the pituitary and controls homeostasis in the body
      - fornix
        
        white matter tracts that carry information in & out of the hippocampus, and are part of the limbic system.
      - pituitary gland
        
        structure is inferior to the hypothalamus & is an endocrine gland that secretes several hormones, including sex hormones and those involved in growth and blood pressure
      - pineal gland
        
        endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and controls circadian rhythm.
    - - Pons
        
        acts as a bridge & relays information between the medulla oblongata & higher brain regions.
      - Midbrain
        
        contain corpora quadrigemina
        
        four bumps (called colliculi) are involved in visual & auditory reflexes
        
        regulates eye movement
      - Medulla Oblongata
        
        reflex centers for vomiting
        
        swallowing and other GI functions
        
        cardiac & breathing control centers
    - - cortex
      - cerebral nuclei
      - unmyelinated
    - - corpus calosum
        
        band of white matter that communicates between the two cerebral hemispheres.
      - inner white matter
      - internal capsule
      - myelinated
    - - cerebrospinal fluid
        
        fluid that fills the brain’s ventricles
      - ependymal
        
        specific cells that generate cerebrospinal fluid
      - choroid plexus
        
        leaky blood vessels in the brain that provide the fluid of CSF
      - lateral ventricles
        
        2 ventricles found in the cerebral hemispheres
      - 3rd ventricle
        
        ventricle found in the diencephalon
      - 4th ventricle
        
        ventricle found in the brainstem, anterior to the cerebellum
      - interventricular foramen
        
        tubes that move CSF from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
      - cerebral aquaduct
        
        tube that moves CSF from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
      - central canal
        
        tube that drains CSF from the 4th ventricle into the spinal cord
      - subarachnoid space
        
        CSF-filled space between the pia mater & the arachnoid mater
      - arachnoid granulations (villi)
        
        small openings in the arachnoid mater that allow CSF to drain into the dural venous sinus
      - dural venus sinus
        
        blood-filled space where extra CSF returns to the bloodstream :
    - - dura mater
        
        most superficial, thickest layer. It is attached to the bones of the skull.
      - arachnoid mater
        
        middle layer. Its stringy proteins make it look like a spiderweb.
      - pia mater
        
        deepest, thinnest layer. It is attached to the outer surface of the brain.
      - separate and support the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect some of the blood vessels that supply the brain, and help contain and circulate CSF
  - - - caused by a blood clot blocking the flow of blood and oxygen from reaching the brain
        
        Thrombolic: inside brain
        
        embolic: outside brain
    - - occurs either when an aneurysm bursts, or a weakened blood vessel leaks; results in bleeding inside brain
    - - occurs when an aneurysm bursts, or a weakened blood vessel leaks; results in bleeding between brain and tissue surrounding it
    - - caused by arterial vasospasm or temporary occlusion
  - - - loss of balance and posture
      - disturbance of gait
      - inability to detect proprioceptive information
    - - diminished gray matter
      - memory loss
      - loss of attention span
      - Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
      - Loss of visuospatial abilities
      - Inability to think abstractly
      - causes high blood pressure which increases risk of stroke
    - - memory impairment
      - blackout
      - impaired decision making
- - - - brain cell death
  - - - compresses and damages nearby brain tissues
- - - - help recover lost or impaired skills
        
        important to push to highest extent in order to encourage neuron axons to find new pathways
    - - help patient re-learn motor function and daily activities
    - - cope with new challenges and self expression
    - - high risk for another stroke
        
        death
      - permanent loss or impairment of functions affected by stroke
    - - partial-full gain of functions lost or impaired by stroke
- - - - high risk for stroke
        
        death
    - - decrease in production of anti-coagulents