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Persuasion vocabulary (Rhetoric (Accismus (The rhetorical refusal of…
Persuasion vocabulary
Rhetoric
Accismus
The rhetorical refusal of something one actually wants, to try and convince themselves or others of a different opinion.
Anadiplosis
the repetition of the word from the end of one sentence to the beginning of the next.
Anaphora
the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of subsequent sentences.
Antiphrasis
a sentence or phrase that means the opposite of what it appears to say.
Onomatopoeia
a word for a sound that phonetically resembles the sound itself.
Personification
describes things and concepts using human characteristics.
Rhetorical question
a question asked to make a point rather than to be answered.
Synecdoche
a rhetorical device wherein a part of one thing represents its whole. Eg. So if you referred to an old king as “greybeard,” that would be synecdoche. If you referred to him as “the crown,” it would be metonymy.
Amplification
An expansion of detail to clarify a point: “We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.”
Epistrophe
The repetition of a word at the end of each phrase or clause: “I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.”
Meiosis
A dismissive epithet, such as treehugger, or a humorously dismissive understatement (also known as tapinosis), such as the Monty Python and the Holy Grail gem “It’s just a flesh wound!”
Polyptoton
Repetition of two or more forms of a word; also known as paregmenon: “You try to forget, and in the forgetting, you are yourself forgotten.”
Polysyndeton
Insertion of conjunctions before each word in a list: “My fellow students read and studied and wrote and passed. I laughed and played and talked and failed.”
Tricolon
A series of three parallel words, phrases, clauses, or statements: “Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.”
Cacophony
a discordant and meaningless mixture of sounds: the cacophony produced by city traffic at midday; the opposite of a euphony
Caesura
any break, pause, or interruption.
Bias
Omission
the tendency to favor an act of omission over one of commission.
For instance, one person might set a fire that does serious damage. This is an example of a harmful action. Another person might see the fire set but not bother to report it. This is an example of harmful omission.
Placement
Bias by placement is where in the paper or in an article a story or event is printed; a pattern of placing news stories so as to downplay information supportive of either conservative views or liberal views.
Selection of sources
This bias can also be seen when a reporter uses such phrases as “experts believe”, “observers say,” or “most people believe”. Experts in news stories are like expert witnesses in trials. If you know whether the defense or the prosecution called a particular expert witness to the stand, you know which way the witness will testify.
Story selection
a pattern of highlighting news stories that coincide with the agenda of either the Left or the Right, while ignoring stories that coincide with the opposing view;
Spin
when the story has only one interpretation of an event or policy, to the exclusion of the other; spin involves tone
Labeling
The first is the tagging of conservative politicians and groups with extreme labels while leaving liberal politicians and groups unlabeled or with more mild labels, or vice versa. The second kind of bias by labeling occurs when a reporter not only fails to identify a liberal as a liberal or a conservative as a conservative, but describes the person or group with positive labels, such as “an expert” or “independent consumer group”. In so doing, the reporter imparts an air of authority that the source does not deserve.
Aristotlean
Ethos
Shows how someone is experienced and that's why they are reliable to believe.
Example: "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."
"My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."
Pathos
Shows feelings to the audience.
"If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"
"I'm not just invested in this community - I love every building, every business, every hard-working member of this town."
Logos
Providing the audience with facts.
"The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in other areas."
"History has shown time and again that absolute power corrupts absolutely."
Modality
Uses modal verbs
Might, may, could, can, ought to, would, should, shall, will, must
Conditional tenses
tenses
The zero conditional: "If it rains, i take an umbrella."
The first conditional: "If it rains, I will take an umbrella."
The second conditional: "If I were ugly, I would be sad." (impossible to happy)
The third conditional: "If it had rained yesterday, I would have…" (past tense)
Auxiliary verb: a verb that comes before the main verb.
Etched: when you are not sure about something
Emotive, euphemistic and vague language
Emotive language
Hallmark of journalistic 'sensationalism'
Eg/ stumbled over, gets a lesson and blanks for 'did not know', 'learns' and 'forgets'
Often seen in headlines, advertising slogans etc- seized, swoop, slashed (for 'prices'), horror, scandal
Euphemistic language
A way truth can be 'filtered'
Not always for war, but good examples abound:
Collateral damage Death of civilians
To neutralize Kill
Friendly fire Accidental killing
Unbalanced interrogation Torture
Fair campaign Bombing
Vague language
'Qualifiers such as 'a lot', 'some', 'far away', 'frequently' are vague
Your aim, in becoming more 'media literate' is to spot the extensive use of such vagaries.
Writers may use such forms to avoid totally telling the truth, or a balanced
The sun newspaper- 'a stunning model who was the passion flower of Joan Collins' husband' who planned to steal 'half his fortunes once he ditched his wife.'