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ICU (Pneumonia (Risk Factors (Smoking (Tobacco damages lungs abilities to…
ICU
Pneumonia
Risk Factors
Smoking
Tobacco damages lungs abilities to fight off infection
Being on a Ventilator
Older age
Weakened Immune System
Decreased ability to fight off infection
Diabetes
Increased risk of pneumonia complications - bacteremia
Bacterial
bacteria enters the lower respiratory tract
bacteria reaches the alveoli and multiplies
air sacs become inflamed in one or both of the lungs
mucous membranes hypertrophy & capillary permeability increases
air sacs fill with fluid or pus
causing cough with phlegm
fever/chills, diaphoresis
dyspnea
Alveoli becomes solid due to fluid and debris
Chest X-ray
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Auscultation
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tachypnea
hypoxemia
Causes
exposure to bacteria
weakened immune system
through aspiration
Signs and Symptoms
Chest pain over affected lung
decreased thoracic expansion
broncial breath sounds
patchy/fluffy infiltrate
Sputum production - can be bloody
Fungal
Viral
Medical Management
Sepsis
Pneumonia
Bacterial
antibiotics
Viral
anti-viral medication, increased fluid intake.
Fungal
anti-fungal medications
Multi-System Organ Failure
Differential Diagnosis
Pneumonia
X-rays
Auscultations
Blood test
Sputum Test
pulse oximetry
Pleural Fluid Culture
Sepsis
Blood Test
Urine Test
Respiratory Secretion Test
Wound Secretion Test
X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Bacteremia - infection of the blood
Leads to release of pro-inflammatory mediators that exceed anti-inflammatory response in response to existing infection in blood
Complement Activation - increases inflammatory response
Cellular injury due to immune response spreading beyond site of infection
Sepsis
Signs and Symptoms
leukocytosis OR leukopenia
confusion
fever
tachypnea
tachycardia
hypothermia
Septic Shock - severe drop in BP
Death
Tissue Ischemia
Cytopathic Injury
Altered Rate of Apoptosis
Systemic Cellular Injury
Multi-System Organ Failure
Causes
Main cause is untreated bacterial infections
Untreated PNA causes bacteria to enter the blood stream