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Spoken Language (Non-Fluency features (Informal words and phrases:…
Spoken Language
Non-Fluency features
Hesitations/ pauses
Voiced pauses 'um'
False starts/self corrections
Repetition
Vague language 'and so on'
Hedges 'perhaps' 'possibly'
Fillers
High frequency lexis
Informal words and phrases:
Colloquialisms
Slang
Idioms
Informal term of address"pet"
a lack of rhetorical and literacy features
Informal delivery of words and phrases
Clipping
Elision "wassup"
Contraction
Ellipsis "like a drink"
Structures of conversations
Turn taking
Interruptions
Overlaps
Latches
Adjacency pairs
Three part exchange (initiation, response, feedback
Chaining
Side sequence
Discourse markers
Interrogatives
Open questions
Closed questions
Tag questions
Declaratives used as interrogatives
Monitoring devices
Feedback
Mirroring
Reformulation
Back-channeling
Ways in which speech and writing are similar and different
Writing enjoys social power, permanence and cultural prestige
EQUAL BUT DIFFERENT
In speech we can detect thought and feeling in immediate, direct action
Writing is a much lonelier business - Michael Halliday (linguist) distinguishes speech as interpersonal and writing as ideational .
Writing needs to be more explicit
Unwritten rules of Conversations
Clarity for your specific audience
Appropriate register or tone
Relevant contributions
Taking turns to speak
Showing interest in what's being said
Glossary of useful terms and concepts
Collaborative
- people work together to build a conversation
Uncollaborative
- one or more people do not apply the unwritten rules
Competitive - someone
strives to dominate the conversation
Hierarchical
- context says that one person will do most of the speaking
Holding the floor
- person who is currently speaking is said to be doing this
Grice's Maxims
Quantity - saying too little or too much
Quality - speak the truth
Relevance
Manner - be clear and avoid ambiguity