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Chapter 16-17 (RNA processing (RNA splicing (where (this happens within…

- - - - this happens within the membrane of the cell nucleus
        
        important factors
        
        introns
        
        noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing
        
        exons
        
        a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing. also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
        
        splicosomes
        
        a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules
        
        that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
        
        ribozymes
        
        complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
        
        consists of a large and small subunit which in eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleoulus
    - - large portions of the RNA molecules are removed and the remaining portions
    - - genes giving rise to two or more different polypeptides depending on with segments are treated as eons during RNA processing
        
        domain
        
        modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions
  - - - modification of RNA primary transcripts that splice RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
      - 5" cap
        
        modified form of guanine
  - - - only takes place in eurkaryotic cells due to the importance of a cell nucleus
- - - - Nitrogenous Bases
        
        Thymine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Adenine
        
        Guanine
  - - - enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the parental strands and making them available as template strands
    - - bind to the unpaired DNA strands and keep them from re-pairing.
    - - enzyme that helps relieve this strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands..
    - - starts a complementary RNA chain with a single RNA nucleotide and adds RNA nucleotides one at a time using the parental DNA strand as a template.
    - - DNA cutting enzyme.
    - - catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3' was of the RNA primer.
    - - detects damaged DNA, cuts at 2 points and removes damaged section, then repair synthesis fills in the missing nucleotides and DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old, completing the strand.
  - - - one individual part of a chromosome.
    - - two chromatids linked together by a centromere
    - - double-stranded helix made of nucleotide monomers, deoxyribose sugar, and the nitrogenous bases (A)(T)(G)(C)
- - - - happens inside the nucleus
    - - section of DNA, called a gene is take n and copied into mRNA. RNA polymerase moves down DNa to copy information
        
        the gene is modified a little.
        
        the mRNA move out through nuclear pores
        
        mRNA connects with a ribosome to create proteins.
      - Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter the DNA strand then unwinds, and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand
        
        Elongation - polymerase moves downstream unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA.
        
        3.Termination - RNA transcript is released and polymerase detaches from the DNA
    - - RNA polymerase
        
        main enzymes involved in transcription
        
        uses a single-stranded DNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA
        
        RNA polymerase builds an RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction, adding each new nucleotide to the 3' end of the strand.
        
        the promoter
        
        sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
        
        transcription unit
        
        the stretch of DNA down stream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
        
        start point
        
        the nucleotide where RNA polymerase actually begins synthesis of the mRNA.
      - DNA transcriptase
        
        unzips DNA containing the correct code for the protein.
    - - occurs in during the phases of mitosis in eukaryotic cells. specifically in interphase
- - - - also occurs in interphase during mitosis of cells
    - - the cell must translate the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
        
        proteins from transcription process make up humans
        
        mRNA moves through a ribosome to make proteins
        
        every 3 letters code for 1 amino acid
        
        tRNA will transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to ribosomes.
        
        mRNA- messenger RNA
        
        carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell.
        
        primary transcript
        
        the initial RNA transcript from any gene.
    - - aminoacyl tRNA Synthase
        
        attaches the correct amino acid to the tRNA
      - Peptidly Transferase
        
        forms the peptide bonds between the amino acids
    - - ribosomes
        
        site of translation; molecular complexes that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains.
        
        ribosomes found in the cytoplasm of the cell
        
        made up of a small and large subunit
        
        ribosome-ribosomal RNAs(rRNA)
        
        combine with proteins
      - anticodon
        
        where the tRNA has the particular nucleotide triplet that base pairs to a specific mRNA codon
        
        wobble
        
        the flexible base pairing at this codon position