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A skinny 22 year old male has been having cramps while working out with a…
A skinny 22 year old male has been having cramps while working out with a poor diet and wants to know why he is having cramps and losing muscle mass
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Muscle twitching
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His body will continue to fatigue if he does not give his body time to recover after working out as well as replenish with electrolytes and protein
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3 main functional groups
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synergists are helpers for the agonist they add extra force to the movement being made or reduce unnecessary movement
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types of muscle
Skeletal muscle tissue is packaged into skeletal muscles: organs that are attached to bones and skin
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Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in heart, Makes up bulk of heart walls, Involuntary: cannot be controlled consciously, Striated
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Smooth muscle tissue is found in walls of hollow organs, Not striated, not voluntary
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CONTRACTIONS
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In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly
Sliding filament model of contraction states that during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, causing actin and myosin to overlap more
When nervous system stimulates muscle fiber, myosin heads are allowed to bind to actin, forming cross bridges, which cause sliding (contraction) process to begin
Muscle fiber contraction
Decision to move is activated by brain, signal is transmitted down spinal cord to motor neurons which then activate muscle fibers
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Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling: events that transmit AP along sarcolemma (excitation) are coupled to sliding of myofilaments (contraction)
AP is propagated along sarcolemma and down into T tubules, where voltage-sensitive proteins in tubules stimulate Ca2+ release from SR
Ca2+ release leads to contraction
AP is brief and ends before contraction is seen
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Muscle fatigue
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ncreased inorganic phosphate (Pi) from CP and ATP breakdown may interfere with calcium release from SR
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Levels of K+, Na+ and Ca2+ can change disrupting membrane potential of muscle cell
Exercise
Aerobic vs resistance
Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic), such as weight lifting or isometric exercises, leads to:
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Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, glycogen stores, and connective tissue
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Aerobic (endurance) exercise, such as jogging, swimming, biking leads to increased:
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Results in greater endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue
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