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BIO 105 Exam 3 (Foodborne illness - consumption of foods contaminated with…

- - - - norovirus (can contaminate any food it comes in contact with)
    - - Salmonella (chicken, turkey, eggs, unpasteurized milk and juices, raw fruits and veggies, nuts
      - campylobacter (raw or unpasteurized milk, undercooked poultry, undercooked shellfish)
      - E. coli (undercooked beef, contaminated fruits and veggies, water, unpasteurized milk and juices)
      - Listeria (deli meats, hot dogs, poultry, unpasteurized cheeses) -- can reproduce at frigid temps
      - Clostridium (meats, gravy)
      - Bacillus cereus (starchy foods, meat, fish, veggies)
  - - - restaurants, buffets
  - - - staphylococcus aureus - found in skin microbiome, can produce toxin, can transfer from skin to food during food prep
      - bacilius cereus - not found in microbiome, present in soils, 2 main strains (one makes you vomit and other gives you diarrhea)
- - - - elevated waist circumference, CVD, fam history of CVD, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, physical inactivity, age (men>45, women >55)
- - - - psychological indicators: trauma can cause eating disorder (cooping mechanism), stress
      - physical indicators:
    - - binge eating disorder - 4-6% of Americans
        
        diagnostic criteria: recurrent episodes of binge eating, binge eating NOT ASSOCIATED with reoccurring use of inappropriate compensatory purging behaviors
        
        warning signs: hoarding of food in strange places, evidence of binging and purging, withdraws from social interactions
      - anorexia nervosa - 0.5-1% of Americans (least common)
        
        diagnostic criteria: low body weight for gender/age, intense fear of gaining weight, persistent lack of recognition abt dangers of current body weight, distorted view of what body looks like
        
        warning signs: dramatic weight loss, preoccupied w dieting and other food factors, frequent comments on being overweight, denies hunger, maintains excessive exercise regimen
        
        *dehydration, fatigue, low body temp, hair loss, demineralization of bone, low blood pressure, reduction of cardiac muscle
      - bulimia nervosa - 1-2% of Americans, electrolyte imbalances
        
        diagnostic criteria: binging episodes, recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain (happens at least once a week for three months)
        
        warning signs: evidence of binge eating, evidence of purging behaviors, weight loss/dieting, skipping meals, uncomfortable around others when eating, skipping out on social interactions
        
        *electrolyte imbalances, possibly life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, self-induced vomiting leading to dehydration, teeth erosion, esophageal damage
- - - - women: 1 standard drink per day
      - men: 2 standard drinks per day
  - - - women: 4 drinks in less than 2 hrs
      - men: 5 drinks in less than 2 hrs
    - - women: more than 8 drinks per week
      - men: more than 15 drinks per week
    - - acetyldehyde - highly toxic, known carcinogen (interferes w DNA copying and inhibits process by which cells repair damaged DNA)
    - - brain: nerve cell communication, neurotransmitter production, increase risk of stroke, dementia, and other psychiatric problems
      - several kinds of cancer (bc acetyldehyde comes into contact w all cells)
      - scarring of liver which increases risk of liver cancer (bc liver is doing most of the work processing the ethanol)
      - hypertension, irregular heartbeat, CVD
      - inflammation of pancreas -- pancreatitis
      - weakened immune sys
      - ovarian cancer, stillborn birth, erectile dysfunction, miscarriage
- - - - consequences: kills beneficial species, dangerous to humans (fertility problems, increased cancer rates), some insecticides persist in environment and move up food chain (aka biomagnification)
      - chemically stable, persists in environment -- lipids soluble so they get stored in fat tissues and leads to increasing concentrations up the food chain
    - - nutritional components same as on-organic (only difference is less exposure to pesticides, etc.)
    - - potential benefits - can increase yields and improve crop resistance to pests, increased VIT/phytochemical context, improved taste/texture, disease/drought-resistant, decreased use of pesticides
      - potential risks: harmful genetic change, extinction of natural organisms, increased resistance of other pests, proteins are allergenic in some people
- - - - to avoid running out of glycogen stores and "hitting a wall", athletes need to consume high-carb diets
    - - aerobic systems (in mitochondria) - slower E, longer-lasting
        
        glucose oxidation - breakdown of pyruvate, 3rd fastest producer of ATP
        
        fat oxidation (aka fatty acid breakdown), slowest producer of ATP
      - anaerobic systems (in cytosol aka semi-liquid parts of cell) - fast E, short-lived
        
        glycolosis - breaks down glucose (6-C sugar) to pyruvate (3-C sugar), 2nd fastest producer of ATP
        
        phosphagen (takes place in skeletal muscles) - bond between creatine and phosphate (in creatine phosphate molecule) to supply E, quick way to reform ATP (donates phosphate group to ADP), fastest producer of ATP
  - - - targets
    - - targets...
      - we eat, fats stored, fat cells secrete more leptin, brain "sees" increased leptin
        
        leptin resistance can cause hunger and reduce E expenditure, potential causes: inflammation, elevated free fatty acids and high leptin lvls
- - - - food environment has changed dramatically: accessible fast food and larger portion sizes
      - built environment has changed: inaccessible sidewalks/bike lanes/parks/rec centers, etc.
- - - - factors that affect BMR: fat-free mass (FFM) has largest effect, age (bc FFM decreases w age), sex, growth, hormones, starvation, illness, pregnancy/lactation, ethnicity, caffeine, smoking, sleep
      - if we lose weight, we increase our fat-free mass
    - - exercise
      - non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) - all spontaneous movements of daily living