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The Formation of Western Europe (Changes in Medieval Society (commercial…

- - - - many bishops cared more about their position as a feudal lord and some sold their positions at church
      - Some popes had questionable morals and three of its main issues were simony, marriage and practice of lay investure
    - - Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced church laws against simony and marriage of priests
      - The pope as the head of the church, restructured to resemble a kingdom
      - papal Curia was the popes group of advisers and acted as a court; they developed the canon law
      - Popes established authority through Europe by diplomats traveling to deal with bishops
      - church collected taxes as tithes and used the money to perform political services such as helping the sick
      - wandering friars also went traveling spreading and preaching the churchs idea, to the poor
      - Dominic emphasized the importance of studying and Francis of Assisi treated all creatures well
    - - new style of architecture
        
        cathedrals were as if reaching toward heaven
        
        the Cathedral of Notre Dame eventually rose up to 100ft
    - - the crusades had economic, social and political as well as religious motives
      - popes saw the crusades to get rid of the knights
      - during the crusade, the pope said those who dies have an assured place in heaven
      - the second crusader were organized to recapture a city
      - the third crusader was to recapture Jerusalem
      - Richard and saladin were brilliant warriors
      - a person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured, and once suspect confess they will be often burned at the stake
    - - In 1204, the fourth crusade to capture Jerusalem failed
      - the religious spirit of the crusade faded
      - In the 1200s, other four crusades to free a holy land failed
      - Stephen of Cloyes and Nicholas of Cologne sent young children to march, some of them died of starvation, cold ans some of them went to be slaves
    - - the Crusades are an example of the power of church
      - the failure of later crusades lessened the power of the pope, the crusades also weakened the feudal nobility and increased the power of kings
- - - - The food supply increased by expanding civilization
      - at first the oxen helped the peasants farm, but horses came to replace them
      - with the three-field system, production increased as a result of growing crops on two thirds of the land
  - - - they provided security to the trading made and controlled the number of goods
      - the guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions
      - Guilds becamed the powerful forces in the medieval economy
  - - - the church relaxed its rule on usary and focused on banking business
      - increased trade brought many changes in the aspects of society
      - Urban life flourishes
        
        these small communities became a powerful force for change in Europe
        
        As trade grew, towns all over Europe swelled with people.
        
        Streets were narrow, filled with animals and their
        waste with n sewers, people throwed household and human waste on the street
        
        People were no longer content with their old feudal existence on manors or in tiny villages
      - Revival of Learning
        
        During the Crusades, European contact with Muslims and Byzantine greatly expanded, this made a new interest in learning
        
        Europeans acquired a huge new body of knowledge.
        
        the Crusaders brought back to Europe
        superior Muslim technology in ships, navigation, and weapons.
        
        the word university originally referred to a group of scholars meeting
        
        For most students, the goal was a job in government or the Church
        
        New ideas and forms of expression began to flow out of
        the universities.
        
        Thomas Aquinas argued that the basic religious truths could be proved logically
- - - - English kings tried to hold and add french lands and wanted to strengthen their own power of the nobles and the Church
        
        The English king Henry II added to these holidays by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from France and the marriage brought a large territory in France called Aquitaine
        
        Henry strengthened the royal court of justice by sending royal judges to each part of England and introduced the jury which is a group of local people
        
        Today the principles of
        English common law are the basis for law in many English-speaking countries,
        
        Henry was succeeded first by his son Richard the Lion-
        Hearted, hero of the Third Crusade.
        
        When Richard died, his brother John too the throne and failed as a military leader and loss forced with his own nobles
        
        On June 15, 1215, they forced John to agree to the most celebrated document in English history, the Magna Carta
        
        the Magna Carta to safeguard their feudal rights and limits the kings power
        
        Model Parliament its new nobles or non-nobels served for later kings
    - - The kings of france looked for ways to increase their power
        
        Hugh Capet an undistinguished duke from the middle of France, succeeded him
        
        the growth of the royal power would unite France
        
        When Philip became king at the age of 15, he set out to weakened the power of he English kings in England
        
        Richards brother, King John, greatly increased the territory of France, later Philip II wanted more land and strong central government, hes established royal officials called bailiffs
        
        Frances central government became even stronger during the reigns of Philips grandson, Louis IX. he was made saint by the catholic church and he was known of the ideal king
        
        the church leaders were known as the First Estate and the great Lords as the Second Estate, the whole meting was called Estates-General
        
        England and France were just beginning to establish democratic tradition
    - - Alfred the Great was the only one who managed to turn the vikings
        
        Alfred the Great and his successors where in a kingdom under one rule:calling it England, “land of the Angles.”
        
        In 1016, the Danish king Canute conquered England and separated the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons
        
        After Harold was killed by an arrow that pierced his eye, the Norman won a decisive victory
        
        A great struggle for the throne erupted, leading to
        one last invasion.
        
        Normandy is a region which the names come from the term for vikings; northmen or norman
        
        the Battle of Hastings changed the english history by the normans and Anglo-Saxons fought the battle
- - - - Each declared the other to be a false pope, excom-
      - municating his rival. The French pope lived in Avignon, while the Italian pope lived
      - in Rome. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism
    - - The papacy was further challenged by an
      - Englishman named John Wycliffe (WIHK•lihf). He preached that Jesus Christ, not
      - the pope, was the true head of the Church.