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Formation of Western Europe (Church Reform and the Crusades (The Age of…
Formation of Western Europe
Church Reform and the Crusades
The Age of Faith
The reformers there wanted to return to the
basic principles of the Christian religion.Some priests were nearly illiterate and could barely read
their prayers. Some of the popes were men of questionable morals. Bishops sold positions in the Church, a practice called simony.
Cathedrals- Cities of God
During the medieval period, most people worshiped in small churches near their homes. The cathedral was viewed as the representation of the city of god. In the early 1100s a new style of architecture was invented called gothic. Gothic cathedrals were built in many towns of france. In all nearly 500 Gothic churches were built between 1170 and 1270.
The Crusades
The age of faith inspired wars of conquest. The crusades goals were economic, social, political, and as well as religious motives. Kings saw crusades as an opportunity to get rid of knights. The first crusades gathered outside of constantinople and were prepared for war and that's what it came down to and they besieged jerusalem for over a month. In all the crusades won a narrow strip of land. Pope Uban 2 read the letter. A holy war means Crusade.
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
I 1204 the fourth crusade failed to capture jerusalem. In spain, Muslims controlled most of the country until the 1100s. By the late 1400s the muslims only held a tiny kingdom of Granada and this kingdom fell to the christian army. The reconquista was a long effort by the spanish to drive the muslims out of spain. Inquisition was a court held by the church to suppress heresy.
The Effects of the Crusades
The crusades have a big affect in the church. The failure of crusades led to the lessen power of the pope. They lessened the power of feudal nobility and increased power of the kings. The crusades grew out of religious favor along with fever, feudalism and chivalry and this led to growth of trade towns and universities.
Changes in Medieval Society
A Growing Food Supply
Sometime before 900, farmers in Europe began using a harness that fitted across the horse’s chest, enabling it to pull a plow. Horses replaced oxen for plowing and for pulling wagons.
Two of the fields were planted and the other
lay fallow (resting) for a year. Under this new three-field system, farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just on half of it.
children, could better resist disease and live longer, and as a result the European
population grew dramatically.
The Guilds
A guild was an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members.
In most crafts, both husband and wife
worked at the family trade. women formed the majority.
By the 1000s, artisans and craftspeople were manufacturing goods by hand for local and long-distance trade.
Commercial Revolution
Expansion of trade and business is
called the Commercial Revolution.
Cloth was the most common trade item. Other items included bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives, and ropes.
Bills of
exchange established exchange rates between different coinage systems.
As traders moved from fair to fair, they needed large
amounts of cash or credit and ways to exchange many types of currencies.
Bills of
exchange established exchange rates between different coinage systems.
Urban Life Flourishes
Scholars estimate that between 1000 and 1150, the population of western Europe rose from around 30 million to about 42 million.
Trade was the very
lifeblood of the new towns, which sprung up at ports and crossroads, on hilltops, and along rivers
According to custom, a serf could now become free by living within a town for a year and a day. A saying of the time went, “Town air makes you free.” Many of these runaway serfs, now free people, made better lives for themselves in towns.
The merchants and craftspeople of medieval towns did not fit into the traditional medieval social order of noble, clergy, and peasant
As trade expanded, the burghers, or
merchant-class town dwellers, resented this interference in their trade and commerce
The Revival Of Learning
During the Crusades, European contact with Muslims and Byzantines greatly
expanded. This contact brought a new interest in learning, especially in the works of greek philosophers
1100s, Christian scholars
from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain.
The word university originally referred to a group of scholars meeting wherever they could.
At a time when serious scholars and writers
were writing in Latin, a few remarkable poets began using a lively vernacular, or the everyday language of their
homeland.
In the mid-1200s, the scholar Thomas
Aquinas argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.
Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at the great universities were known as schoolmen, or scholastics.
England and France Develop
England Absorbs Waves Of Defenders
800s, Britain was battered by fierce raids of Danish Vikings These invaders were so feared that a special prayer was said in churches: “God, deliver us from the fury of the Northmen.”
In 1016, the Danish king Canute conquered England, molding Anglo-Saxons and Vikings into one people.
In 1042, King Edward the
Confessor, a descendant of Alfred the Great, took the throne. He died in 1066 with no heir which lead to an invasion
The invader was William, duke of Normandy, who
became known as William the Conqueror. His rival was Harold Godwinson.
On October 14, 1066, Normans and Anglo-Saxons fought the battle that changed the course of
English history—the Battle of Hastings. The Normans won.
England's Evolving Government
William the Conqueror’s descendants owned land both in
Normandy and in England. The English king Henry II added to these holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from
France.
Over the centuries, case by case, the rulings of England’s royal judges formed a
unified body of law that became known as common law.
revolted. On June 15, 1215,
they forced John to agree to the most celebrated document in English history, the Magna Carta
The Magna Carta reluctantly approved by King John, guaranteed certain basic political rights.
In 1295, Edward summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament, or legislative group.
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
In 987, the last member of the
Carolingian family—Louis the Sluggard—died. Hugh Capet , an undistinguished duke
from the middle of France, succeeded him.
For 300 years, Capetian kings
tightened their grip on this strategic area. The power of the king gradually spread outward from Paris. Eventually, the growth of royal power would unite France.
One of the most powerful Capetians was Philip II,
called Philip Augustus, who ruled from 1180 to 1223. As a child, Philip had watched his father lose land to King Henry II of England.
The commoners, wealthy landholders or merchants, that Philip invited to participate in the council became known as the Third Estate. The whole meeting was called the Estates-General.
The Hundred Years' War and the Plague
The Plague Strikes
During the 1300s an epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Approximately one-third of the population of Europe, and millions more in Asia and Africa, died
of the deadly disease known as the Black Death.
Plague In 1346, plague struck Mongol armies laying siege to Kaffa, a port on the Black Sea. From there rats infested with fleas
carrying the disease made their way onto ships.
The economic and social effects of the plague were enormous.
-Population fell
trade declined
Church harmed
The Hundred Years' War
England and France battled with each other on French soil for just over a century. The century of war between England and France marked the end of medieval Europe’s society.
The war that Edward III launched for that throne continued on and off from 1337 to 1453. It became known as The Hundred Year War
The French won the war, After that victory, Joan persuaded Charles to go with her to Reims. There he was crowned king on July 17, 1429.
The long, exhausting war finally ended in 1453. Each side experienced major changes
A Church Divided
In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal
authority on kings as previous popes had.When King Philip IV of France asserted his authority over French bishops, Boniface responded with an official document. It stated that kings must always obey popes.
Clement V, the newly
selected pope, moved from Rome to the city of Avignon in France. Popes would live there for the next 69 years.
rival. The French pope lived in Avignon, while the Italian pope lived in Rome. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism
The papacy was further challenged by an
Englishman named John Wycliffe . He preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church.
Influenced by Wycliffe’s writings, Jan Hus, a professor in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope
