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The formation of Western Europe: by lili and Zadie (Lili:The hundred…
The formation of Western Europe: by lili and Zadie
Lili:The hundred years' war and the plague
The plague strikes:The Black Plague or bubonic plague roamed from 1347-1351 and caused the death of 1/3 of the European population, it was spread by infected fleas and along trade routes.It resulted in a labor shortage, the elimination of serfdom and the decrease in the prestige of the Roman Catholic Church
A church divided:In 1300 two popes one in Avignon - Clement V - and pope boniface VIII both claimed eachtother to be false popes which caused the great schism.To further divide the people John Wycliffe preached that Jesus Christ was the one true head of the church instead of said popes, later a professor named Jan hus taught that the Bible was higher and greater than the pope.
The hundred years’ war:The war was between England and France, England wanted to maintain the control they had over a few French provinces and the French wanted them back.It introduced the usage of the longbow and the canon. The war ended in a treaty where England remained in control over Calais
Lili:England and france develop
England's evolving Government:Over the next two centuries countless english kings tried to add more to the french lands and strengthen the nobles and church.When Henry 2 married eleanor of aquitaine from france it brought him large territories in france. During his reign he strengthened royal courts, collected taxes, and settled lawsuits.When johns nobles revolted they made him sign the magna carta a article that forced john to give them basic civil rights and feudal rights.Over the next century, from 1300 to 1400, the king called the knights and burgesses whenever a new tax was needed.
Capetian Dynasty Rules France:In the
Year 1000 France divided into 47 feudal territories.in 987 the last carolingian family - Louis the sluggard - died. Hugh Capet then succeeded him. Capetian kings tightened the grip on its strategic area and the kings power spread outward to Paris. Phillip Augustus who ruled from 1180 to 1223 set out to weaken English kings power in France, he seized Normandy in 1204. At the end of Phillips reign he had tripled the territory. Phillips heirs made a strong central government via Phillips grandson Louis IX who ruled from 1220 to 1270 he was made a saint by the Catholic Church.
England absorbs waves of invaders: Fierce waves of danish vikings flooded in, only to be halted by alfred the great.In 1016 the danish king canute conquered england molding the anglo-saxon and the vikings into one people.William the conqueror took away lands from people who still believed in harold and it to norman lords.
A Growing Food Supply
For hundreds of years, peasants had depended on oxen to pull their plows. Oxen lived on the poorest straw and stubble, so they were easy to take care of.
Around a.d. 800, some villages began to organize their
lands into three fields instead of two.
Under this new three-field system, farmers could
grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just on half of it.
As a result,
food production increased.
The Crusades
Pope Urban’s call brought a tremendous outpouring of religious feeling and support for the Crusade. Most of the Crusaders were French, but Bohemians, Germans
Englishmen, Scots Scots, Italians, and Spaniards came
as well. ,
The Crusades had economic, social, and political goals as
well as religious motives. The pope wanted to reclaim
Palestine and reunite Christendom, which had split into Eastern and Western branches in 1054.
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
Some stories of the Crusades mention that in 1212, thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem. Many died of cold and starvation on the journey. Thousands more were sold into slavery or drowned at sea after boarding ships for the Holy Land. Historians doubt that this Children's Crusade happened.
In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem failed. In the 1200s, four more Crusades to free the holy land were also unsuccessful.
The Reconquista was a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain. To unify their country under Christianity and to increase their power, Isabella and
Ferdinand made use of the Inquisition. This was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy.
The Effects of the Crusades
The call to go to the Holy Land encourage thousands to leave their homes and travel to faraway lands.
However, the failure of later Crusades also lessened the power of the pope.
The Guilds
guild. A guild was an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members.
About the same time, skilled artisans, such as wheel-
wrights, glassmakers, winemakers, tailors, and druggists,
began craft guilds. By the 1000s, artisans and craftspeople were manufacturing goods by hand for local and long-distance trade.
Commercial Revolution
Most trade took place in towns. Peasants from nearby manors traveled to town on fair days hauling items to trade. Great fairs were held several times a year, usually during religious festivals, when many people would be in town.
For example, bills of
exchange established exchange rates between different coinage systems. Letters of credit between merchants eliminated the need to carry large amounts of cash and made trading easier.
The changes brought about by the Commercial Revolution were slow, yet they had a major effect on the lives of Europeans. As towns attracted workers, the towns grew into cities.
Urban Life Flourishes
By the later Middle Ages, trade was the very lifeblood of the new towns. But there were some drawbacks
to living in a medieval town.
Streets were narrow, filled with animals and their waste. With no sewers, most people dumped household and human waste into the street in front of the house.
The merchants and craftspeople of medieval towns did not fit into the traditional medieval social order of noble, clergy, and peasant.
The Revival of Learning
At the center of the growth of learning stood a new European institution—the university. Universities arose at Paris and at Bologna, Italy, by the end of the 1100s. For most students, the goal was a job in government or
the Church.
Jewish scholars living in Spain translated the Arabic versions of works by Aristotle and other Greek writers into Latin. In addition, the Crusaders brought back to Europe
superior Muslim technology in ships, navigation, and weapons.
In the mid-1200s, the scholar Thomas
Aquinas argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.
