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Formation Of Western Europe (The Age of Faith (There were many problems…
Formation Of Western Europe
The Age of Faith
There were many problems with the church such as; the priests being illiterate and the popes were men of questionable morals.
Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests.
In the 1100's and 1200's , the Church was reconstructed to resemble a kingdom. The Pope was a sort of a king, and his advisers were called the papal Curia.
In the early 1200's , wandering friars traveled from place to place preaching the Church's ideas.
Dominic, a Spanish priest, founded the Dominicans, one of the earliest orders of the friars. He emphasized the importance of study.
Women played an important role in the spiritual reveal. Women joined the Dominicans, Benedictines, and Franciscan.
Like the friars, these women lived in poverty, but not allowed to travel like the friars.
The Crusades
Goals of the Crusades
They had economic social and political goals
The Byzantine emperor in Constantinople appealed to
Christians to stop Muslim attacks.
In addition, kings and the Church both saw the Crusades as an opportunity to get rid of quarrelsome knights who fought each other.
the pope wanted to reclaim
Palestine and reunite Christendom,
In the later Crusades, merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the journey.
First and second crusade
Pope Urban’s call brought a tremendous outpouring of religious feeling and support for the Crusade.
By early 1097, three armies of knights and people of all classes had gathered outside Constantinople.
The Crusaders were ill prepared for war in this First Crusade.
The nobles argued among themselves and couldn’t agree on a leader.
All in all, the Crusaders had won a narrow strip of land.
Effects Of Crusades
In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem failed.
The knights did not reach
the Holy Land.
The Crusades are a forceful example of the power
of the Church.
the failure of later Crusades also less-
ened the power of the pope.
The Crusades weakened the feudal nobility and increased the power of kings.
England and France Develop
Many conquests occurred in the early 800's
Only Alfred the Great, an Anglo-Saxon king from 871 to 899, managed to turn back the viking invaders.
In 1006, Danish king Canute conquered England, molding Anglo-Saxon and Vikings into one group of people. In 1042 King Edward, a descendant of Alfred the Great, took the throne.
England's Evolving Government
King Henry II inserted juries and common law into the much evolving government
After Henry was succeeded by his son Richard and his son John took over in 1199, John was forced to agree to the Magna Carta, one of the most celebrated documents in English history, in 1215
King Edward I created a parliament to help pay for taxes for a war against France.
100 year war and the plague
The 1300s were filled with disasters, both natural and
human-made.
Plague
During the 1300s an epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe.
millions more in Asia and Africa, died
of the deadly disease known as the Black Death.
in 1346 the plague struck mongol armies laying siege to kaffa, a port in the black sea.
100 year war
1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal
authority on kings as previous popes
The Hundred Years’ War brought a change in the style of warfare in Europe.
The war that Edward
III launched for that throne continued on and off from 1337 to 1453.
1420, the French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V
would inherit the French crown upon the death of the French king Charles VI.
Then, in 1429, a teenage French peasant girl named Joan of Arc felt moved by God
to rescue France from its English conquerors.
May 7, 1429, Joan led the French army into battle at a fort city near Orléans.
Joan was
burned at the stake on May 30, 1431.
The long, exhausting war finally ended in 1453.