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A 23 year old male patient demonstrating severe face and arm muscle spasms…
A 23 year old male patient demonstrating severe face and arm muscle spasms. The patient can hardly speak the patient has many tattoos, including a fresh one on his shoulder. The patient just got that tattoo yesterday, and that the tattoo parlor was “sketchy.” the blood tests say the patient is infected with Clostridium tetani, a common bacterium found in using dirty needles. Clostridium tetani produces a toxin that affects neurons and their ability to release neurotransmitters.
Upstream causes
Direct Causes: motor neuron is unable to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber which is causing muscle contraction that cause muscle spasms
Indirect causes:The needles that was used during the tattoo were dirty causing them to be contaminated and not specific sanitation precautions were used
Direct Causes: When the bacteria Clostridium tetani invades the body, it produces a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions like the patient is experiencing
Indirect causes:The bacterial cause of tetanus it enters through open wounds from environmental sources and produces a toxin that causes prolonged spasms and tetany since the vaccine was not used the tattoo was exposed to getting infected
Downstream effect
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Tetanus is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani it affects the brain and nervous system that causes stiffness in the muscles
cause severe muscle spasms, serious breathing difficulties, and can lead to death
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Background Information:
The NORMAL structures & functions of the organ systems malfunctioning
Normal function of muscular system is the muscular system cells contract in response to messages leading to movements of the whole body Normal function of the nervous system is that the nervous system sends messages to muscle fibers telling them to contract
Normal function of immune system is the immune system attacks foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses
MALFUNCTION
Muscular system = Cells contract irregularly leading to muscle spasms or a paralyzed body parts
Nervous system: The nervous system sends faulty messages to the muscle fibers
Immune system: Immune system will attack your own cells (Schwann and Oligodendrocytes)
The structural & functional classifications of neurons:
Multipolar Neuron:
- Has many dendrites and one axon
- Most motor neurons
Bipolar Neuron:
- Have two processes: one dendrite and one axon
- Dendrite is specialized to receive a specific stimulus
Unipolar Neuron:
- Have a single process extending from the cell body
- This process divides into two branches a short way from the cell body
- Nucleus: The information processing cells in the nervous system and brain
- Soma: “cell body” Processes information by adding together all the electrical signals present in the dendrites
- Axon: Transmits the action potential from the soma to axon terminals the summed electrical signals in the soma reach the firing threshold of the neuron
- Node of ranvier: A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
- Axon terminal: At the end of the axon, and it forms a synapse upon another neuron
- Schwann cell: The glial cell that forms myelin which is fatty insulation around an axon in the peripheral nervous system
- Myelin sheath: The fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells, that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses
- Dendrites: Receives information from other neurons
The process of summation:
- the total of all local potential changes at the synapse of a postsynaptic cell
-IPSP, EPSP, interneurons and motor neurons receiving information from multiple cells and summing the change to determine if an action potential is initiated
The difference between excitatory & inhibitory postsynaptic potentials:
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
-depolarixation of a post synaptic neuron
- Na+
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
-hyper-polarization of post synaptic neuron
- K+
Clostridium tetani
- is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus tetani can grow and produce a potent toxin, tetanospasmin,it interferes with motor neurons, causing tetanus. It causes severe muscular spasms that happens when the tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction
Anatomy
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Cells
nucleus
axon
cell body
node of ranvier
schwann cell
myelin sheath
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Physiology
Normal cell function:
The muscles will contract normally without having muscle spams and the muscles will contract normally
macromolecule function
Carbohydrate: Energy is stored in the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins they are broken down to generate energy or ATP
Lipids: help communications and signaling, both within cells and between cells
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