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Science Coggle (Planet Earth and Beyond (Plate Boundaries (Convergent…
Science Coggle
Planet Earth and Beyond
Continental Drift
Evidence Proves that the continents used to be joined into Gondwanaland. Such as the continents fitting together like a puzzle. Similar fossils found on different continents as well as trees and rocks
Plate Boundaries
Convergent Boundary
A convergent boundary is when two tectonic plates come togther. One slides under the other. This causes Mountains and Volcano.
Continental Crust is heavier than oceanic crust
Divergent Boundary
A divergent boundary is when 2 tectonic plates move apart. Usually found under the ocean this cause underground magma to rise up and cool
Transform Boundary
A transform boundary is when two plates slide pass each other generally in the opposite direction. Sometimes a sudden release of energy causes earthquakes. Eg San Andreas Fault
Earths Different Layers
Crust
Is the outermost layer of the earth and is less than 1% of the entire earth size. Beneath the ocean the oceanic crust which is made of basalt lava flows, which have erupted from volcanos over millions of years.
Mantles
The earths mantle is 2,900km thick and stretches from the outer core to the crust. The mantle mantle accounts for 87% of the volume of the earth. The contents of the mantle vary. But there are a few things like Silicon, Magnesium Iron Oxide. Etc
Inner Core
Earths inner core is the innermost geological layer of the earth. Its mainly a solid ball with the radius of around 1200km. Its also believed that the inner core is made of iron
Outer Core
The outer core is mainly made up of iron and nickel and is in between the inner core and the mantle and its also around 2,400km thick
Convection Currents
Most of the earths mantle consists of magma. This magma can create cracks and holes in the crust- causes volcanos.
When the magma erupts its called lava.
Earhtquakes
An earthquake is a sudden slipping or displacemnt of a part of the earths crust.
Epicenter is where the earthquake took place- but on the surface. Focus is the exact place where the earthquake is
Where the tectonic plates move past each other its called a fault line.
They are measured using the mercalli scale- Richter scale and a seismograph
First Waves are P-Waves (Primary)- These squeeze and stretch the rock and they move at around 8km
Secondly S-Waves (Secondary)- They make the crust shake sideways and up and down
Finally L-Waves- They make the ground roll in waves thus causing the most damage.
Volcanos
A vent in the earths crust through which lava rock and gas can be ejected
Viscosity- High Viscosity is when the magma is sticky. Low viscosity is when the magma is runny
Below a volcano is a magma chamber in which the magma is stored
Different types of volcanos include: Composite Volcanos, Shield Volcanos, Basalita, Cinder cone volcanos, Dome Volcanos
Physical World
Lightning is a discharge of static electricity
Lightning is created when particles rub against each other in clouds. A static charge builds up and negative leaders look for a discharge path. When a downward negative leader connects with a positive upward leader a pathway is created to discharge the static electricity= A lightning bolt.
The huge current (10,000 A) instantly superheats the air. As the lightning is discharged it looks for the shortest path, Trees and Tall buildings are often hit.
Electricity is based on charged particles. Negative-Electrons Positive- Protons
If an object is negative then it has an excess off electrons or positive it has lost electrons
Speed
Velocity- Speed with direction
Acceleration- The rate at which the velocity changes
Conductor- Current flows- Electrons are loosely held
Insulator- No current- Electrons are packed tightly
Living World
Circulation
Arteries- Carry blood away from the heart- High pressure and thick outer walls. Also thick layers of muscles and elastic fibres. Mainly has oxygenated blood.
Veins- They carry blood back to the heart- They have one way valves to keep blood flowing in the correct direction. Mainly has Deoxygenated blood
Red Blood Cells
To carry oxygen. Donut Shape more surface area.
White blood cells
To fight disease
Platlets
To help clot blood and stop blockages
Plasma
The liquid part of the blood. Contains C02 and hormones from brain
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessel- One cell thick. Also link arteries and veins.
Circulatory System- Is composed of the heart and the blood vessels. Purpose is to provide nutrients and oxygen and nutrients to tissue and to remove waste
GAS EXCHANGE HAPPENS IN THE LUNGS
When you breathe in Oxygen and out Carbon Dioxide
The Alveoli are the tiny little balls in the lungs- These allow gas exchange to occur.
Lung components- Biggest to smallest- Trachea- Bronchi-Bronchioles-Alveoli
The lungs need a larger surface area to allow for gas exchange to happen
RESPIRATION IS KEY LIFE PROCESS
The release of energy from glucose inside living cells. Every cell needs to respire in order to produce energy
Oxygen=Glucose=ATP (Energy) The waste of this reaction is CO2 and H2O
One side of the heart is bigger because it has to pump blood to the rest of the body
Reproduction
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Parts of the Female Reproductive Anatomy
Fundus
Stores food and gases that are released during chemical digestion
Egg
The egg is a group of cells that is released and that is ready to be fertilized by sperm
Fallopian Tube
Tubes which move eggs released from an ovary across the uterus
Ovary
There are 2 ovaries that produce egg cells (in the shape of a walnut
Uterine Cavity
Is the shape and size of an upside down pear, the uterus has a gap where the egg can develop a baby
Endometrium
Is the innermost lining of the uterus
Uterus (Womb)
This stores and nurtures and develops the fertilized egg
Myometrium
Is the middle layer of uterine wall
Cervix
The 'neck of the womb' is an opening called the cervix
Vagina
The vagina is a tube which leads from the uterus to the outside of the body.
Male Reproductive Anatomy
Scrotum
Pouch to hold testes outside the body where temperatures are cooler to favor sperm production
Testes
Produce Sperm Cells (and Testosterone)
Epididymis
Holds Sperm
Sperm Duct
Carries sperm to the urethra
Seminal Vesticle
Prostate Gland- Adds Fluid to the sperm to make semen
Bladder
Stores Urine
Urethra
The tube for semen and urine
Penis
Becomes erect during sexual arousal and carries sperm to the vagina of the female.
Oestrogen - Girls
Testosterone- Boys
Placenta
Functions- Attach the fetus to the uterine wall. Provide nutrients to the fetus. Allow the fetus to transfer waste products to the mothers blood.
Twins
Dizygotic----Dichorionic-Diamniotic- 2 zygotes 72% chance (Fraternal Twins= Different DNA because of 2 different Zygotes.
Monozygotic---Dichorionic Diamniotic- 1 Zygote,2 placenta, 2 aminotic sacs. 8% chance (Identical Twins= same DNA because its from the same zygote) Split after 1-3 days
Monozygotic---Monochorionic Diamniotic- 1 Zygote, 1 placenta, 2 aminotic sacs. 20% chance (Identical Twins) Split after 3-8 days
Monozygotic---Monochorionic Monoamniotic- 1 Zygote, 1 placenta, 1 aminotic sac. 1% chance (Identical Twins) Split after around 9 days
If the split is any later then you get conjoined twins (13-15 days)
Genes
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
A genome is the complete set of instructions within DNA
Four molecules make up DNA- Adenine,Thymine (A-T), Guanine, Cytosine (G-C)
The Helix structure of DNA. Provides strength and the strands within the helix provide backup.
Paired Packages of DNA= Chromosomes- In the nucleus of the cells
Genes are sections of DNA- Cell, Nucleus, Chromosomes,DNA,Gene, Base Pair
Genes contain the instructions for making proteins
Genes are made of DNA. Proteins are made of amino acids
Material World
Atoms
For any element the number of protons is indictated by the atomic number
The atomic number is the small number eg. the 2 for He
Number of Electrons is the same as the number of protons= Atomic Number
Number of Neutrons= The Mass Number- The Atomic Number
The Neutrons(Neutral), Electrons (Negative), Protons (Positive)
The Protons and neutrons exist in the nucleus
The electrons exists in the shells
1st shell- 2 electrons
2nd Shell- 8 electrons
3rd Shell- 8 electrons
Ions
Ions are atoms that have either extra electrons or less electrons
A positive ion is called a cation. The symbol shows that the charge is positive (Mg2+)The charge is equal to the number of electrons lost.
A negative ion. Is formed by gaining one or more electrons. They are called anions. This is shown on the symbol. (O2-)
Lithmus Scale
Very acid- RED,PINK,ORANGE,BEIGE,YELLOW,LIME GREEN- Slightly acidic. GREEN-Neutral-DARK GREEN- Slightly alkaline-TURQUOISE,PALE BLUE, BLUE,DARK BLUE, VIOLET, PURPLE- Very alkaline
What we need to study for.
Plates, Plate Boundaries- What happens at Subduction zones- What way the plates move. What causes earthquakes what causes volcano- Where would you see these types of events- What boundaries. Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift and the theory- Mercalli Scale
Blood Vessels- What is the functions of different blood vessels. What is and isn't Respiration. Gas Exchange. Circulation and about the heart. Explain why one side is bigger.
Reproduction, Twins,
Physics- Different types of forces- Gravity, Push or Pull, Air resistance frictions, Acceleration, Caculate Newtons, Weight, Electricity and circits, voltage
Atomic Structures. Atomic Number Mass number. Number of protons and neutrons. Electrons Configuration. Positive or Negative ion. Need to know about shells. Need to balance equations. Write down the formula for different compounds Na+ O2- Na+ Na+ O2- = Na20 Bozeman.com Ionic formula Khan Academy.
Acids and bases. Ph Scale. Universal indicator.
Indepent and Dependant variable what is a fair test
