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23 year old male brought to the hospital demonstrating severe face and arm…

- - - - Nerves
      - Neurons
        
        Motor
        
        multipolar
        
        Interneuron
        
        multipolar
        
        Sensory
        
        unipolar
        
        Summation
        
        Spatial
        
        Temporal
        
        Cell body
        
        Axon
        
        Dendrites
        
        Axon terminals
      - Neuro-muscular junction
      - Neurotransmitter
        
        Excitatory--Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
        
        Inhibitory--Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
      - CNS and PNS
    - - Muscles
        
        muscle fibers
        
        slow oxidative
        
        Fasto oxidative
        
        fast glycolitic
      - Neuro-muscular Junction
      - Skeletal, smooth and cardiac tissue
      - Motor Neuron
    - - Muscle fibers
      - Neurons
    - - tetanolysin
      - tetanospasmin
  - - - Neuron
        
        cell body
        
        Portion of the neuron in which the nucleus and most of the organelles are found
        
        axon
        
        The portion of the neuron that carries the impulse away from the cell body
        
        dendrites
        
        part of the cell that recieves the message
        
        axon terminal
        
        The ends of the axon that contain synaptic vesicles
        
        Motor
        
        Neurons that carry impules away from the CNS to effectors
        
        Sensory
        
        Transmit impules from sensory receptors in the skin or organs toward the CNS
        
        Interneuron
        
        Conduct impules within the CNS and integrate incoming sensory imput to predict the proper motor output
        
        Multipolar: Neurons with multiple extentions from their cell body
        
        Bipolar: Neurons with two extensions off of their cell body
        
        Unipolar:Neurons with one extension off of their cell body
      - Nerves
        
        provides a structured pathway that supports the electrochemical nerve impulses transmitted along each of the axons.
      - Neurotransmitter
        
        Acetylcholine is released and triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        Excitatory/EPSPs
        
        open channels that depolarize the membrane
        
        Inhibitory/IPSPs
        
        Open channels that hyperpolarize the membrane
      - Summation
        
        When a neuron uses more than one message to determine if it should depolarize
        
        Spatial
        
        multiple presynaptic neurones together release enough neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) to exceed the threshold of the postsynaptic neuron
        
        Temporal
        
        occurs when one presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter many times over a period of time.
    - - Muscles
        
        Muscle fibers
        
        Slow oxidative
        
        aerobic metabolism to produce low power contractions over long periods and are slow to fatigue
        
        Fast Oxidative
        
        fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis
        
        Fast glycolitic
        
        aerobic metabolism to produce ATP but produce higher tension contractions than SO fibers.
        
        Movement and contraction
      - Tissue
        
        Smooth
        
        movement of substances
        
        Skeletal
        
        Motion, posture, heat production
        
        Cardiac
        
        Pumps blood to the rest of the body
    - - Excitation-Contraction coupling
        
        a neuron releases acetylcholine allowing chemically gated sodium channels to open
        
        The membrane of the muscle fiber depolarizes allowing voltage-gated calcium channels to open and allowing calcium to bind to troponin.
        
        troponin unblocks the myosin-binding sites on actin allowing myosin to attach to and slide past actin.
      - Cross-bridge cycle
        
        set of steps that are used by myosin proteins to attach to and pull along actin filaments
        
        cross-bridge formation: myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament
        
        The power stroke: when actin/myosin slide across each other
        
        Cross-bridge detachment: after ATP attaches to myosin, the link between the two weakens and the myosin head detaches.
        
        Cocking of the myosin head: Myosin hydrolyzes ATP to ADP
    - - an obligate anaerobic bacteria whose spores produce two distinct toxins—tetanolysin, which causes local tissue destruction, and tetanospasmin, which causes clinical tetanus.