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23 year old severe face and arm muscle spasms (Downstream Causes (Direct…
23 year old severe face and arm muscle spasms
Upstream Causes
DIRECT cause: The patient will need some blood work to be done so we can find out if his tattoo ink has bacteria to cause his muscle spasms on the arm and face.
INDIRECT cause: The patient got a fresh tattoo with an infected needle that led to his blood and now is showing symptoms what predisposing factors made it more likely for the patient to experience the direct causes that bring them to you?
DIRECT cause: The patient needs to be seen today because he was showing symptoms of muscle spasms on the arm along with facial spasms. tetanus binds to the presynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction keep inside and transported to the spinal cord and brain
INDIRECT cause: The patient had gotten a fresh tattoo done so maybe he could of been a dirty needle from the parlor that did his tattoo. so now his blood is infected with some bacteria.
Downstream Causes
Direct problem: In this patient the central nervous system is affected because a bad toxin called neurotoxin tetanospasmin causes muscle spasms
Indirect problem: If this continues the release of neurotransmitters and blocking inhibitor impulses
to spinal cord and the brain has will also affect some cranial nerves in the jaw causing jaw muscles to lock and stiffness around spinal cord
Direct problem: In this patient we are worried about the respiratory system that cause shorts of breath that lead to respiratory failure worried because of lack of oxygen Pneumonia can also be an death
Indirect problem: Overtime in the patient we will start to see the lungs stop working correctly because of the blockage of the neurotransmitters cant let the oxygen flow right through the lungs.
In this patient we need to take a closer look at the cardiovascular system that may led to fever, sweating and high blood pressure
Overtime the patient will start to see some problems with their heart and homeostasis will not be functioning the right way and the blood in the heart will cause high blood pressure
direct is tetanus toxin taken into terminals of lower motor neurons transported the spinal cord and brainstem causing lock jaw and muscle spasms also the muscular system can be affected when muscle spasms occur
skeletal system muscles stiffness usually around neck and then becomes generalized The bones are very brittle can break easier
Background Information
anatomy
organ system
central nervous system where you can find the brain and spinal cord
cardiovascular system where you can find the heart
respiratory system structure of breathing
organ
brain
spinal cord
heart
lungs
cells:
obligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
red blood cells
platelets
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process of summation
no summation a slowly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSP'S that are far apart in time
temporal summation a rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSP's that are close in time.
spatial summation if more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time EPSP's are generated at different locations on the neuron
spatial summation of EPSP's and IPSP's if a presynaptic neuron creates an IPSP, it can override the EPSP created by another neuron
macromolecules
cell body
axon
dendrites
myelin sheth
axon terminals
Excitatory postsynaptic potential are neurotransmitters that open channels that depolarize the membrane
Inhibitory neurotransmitters open channels that hyperpolarize the membrane
The process of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
a single motor neuron arising in the brain or spinal cord conducts action potential that travel to hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers within a muscle
The sequence of events that converts action potentials travels across the entire sarcolemma and is rapidly conducted into the interior of the muscle fiber by structure called transverse tubules
As an action potential travels down the T tubule, it causes a voltage-sensitive protein to change shape. This shape change opens a calcium release channel in the SR, allowing calcium ions to flood the sarcoplasm
This rapid influx of calcium triggers a contraction of the skeletal muscle fiber. Thus, calcium ions are responsible for the coupling of excitation to the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers
transverse or t tubules are regularly spaced in folding's of the sarcolemma that branch extensively throughout the muscle fiber
at numerous junctions the t tubules make contact with calcium storing membranous network known as the sarcoplasmic reticulm
Where it abuts the T tubule, the SR forms sac-like bulges called terminal cisternae. One portion of a T tubule plus two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a triad
The membranes of the T tubule and terminal cisternae are linked by a series of proteins that control calcium release
structural classification of a neuron
Unipolar
multipolar
bipolar:
clostridium tetani muscular rigidity and spasms of tetanus are caused by tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) produced by clostridium tetani an anaerobic bacillus
physiology
organ system function
Clostrium tetani is a active anaerobic bacteria makes a tetanus toxin that enters the nervous system lowers the motor neurons and travels up to the spinal cord and brain stem.
Cardiovascular system Lack of oxygen may also induce cardiac arrest and death.
respiratory system Blockage of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot that has traveled from elsewhere in your body can block the main artery of the lung or one of its branches.
cells function
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheath insulating neuron axon
astrocytes are found in the CNS axon guidance and synaptic support to the control of the blood brain carrier and blood flow
microglia cells mediate immune responses in the CNS
epidermal cells function perform a barrier function in human body protecting against invasion of bacteria and foreign particles.
red blood cells function carries oxygen from the lungs to all part of our body
platelets function to react to bleeding from blood vessel by clumping blood vessels
white blood cells function is to protect the body from bacteria and foreign objects
organ function
nervous system included the two organs spinal cord and brain cause nerve terminals responsible of the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters if the vesicular becomes blocked the ability for lower motor neurons are disrupted which cause muscle rigidity and spasm.
the function of the heart would make it have a heart attack with fast heart rate with high blood pressure.
the function of the lungs tetani would make breathing very difficult
macromolecules function
cell body function is to control of the function in a cell.
axon function to transmit information to different neurons muscles and glands.
myelin sheth allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.
axon terminal is a neurotransmitter that conducts signals.
no summation function two EPSP's separated in time do not add together threshold is not reached so no AP is generated
two EPSP's close in time add together temporal = time, summation brings the axon initial segment to threshold and an AP fires
two EPSP's at the same time from different locations add together spatial =location summations brings the axons initial segment to threshold and an AP fires.
an IPSP brings the neuron farther from the threshold
an EPSP brings the neuron closer to threshold
Function of the excitatory An ESPS neurotransmitters binding opens chemically gated ion channels allowing Na+ and K+ to pass simultaneously The electrochemical gradient for Na+ is bigger than for K+ so more Na+ enters than K+ exits and the result is depolarization
function of the Inhibitory An IPSP neurotransmitters binding opens chemically gated ion channels allowing either K+ or Cl- to pass. the result is hyperpolarization
functional of a neuron
Bipolar Neuron function neurons with two extensions from cell body this type of neuron is found in special sensory organs such as the retina of the eye
Unipolar function of neuron is with one extension from the cell body the neurons are commonly found in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord
Multipolar function neurons with multiple extensions from the cell body these are the most abundant in the body
function of Tetanus toxin is produced by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani, which commonly found in soil. ... Hypertonicity and generalized severe muscular spasms develop when the tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction
muscular rigidity and spasms of tetanus are caused by tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) produced by clostridium tetani an anaerobic bacillus
extraction of coupling Excitation contraction coupling is the process by which an electrical stimulus triggers the release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating the mechanism of muscle contraction by sarcomere shortening.
axon terminal arrives at axon terminal
voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the axon terminal
calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
neurotransmitters diffuses across the synaptic cleff and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
binding of neurotransmitters opens ion channels resulting in graded potentials
neurotransmitters effects are terminated by reuptake through transport proteins enzymatic degradation or diffusion away from the synapse
