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man with a healthy workout routine comes in with body fatigue, cramps, and…

- - - - Decreased glycogen is highly correlated with muscle fatigue
        
        Ionic imbalances can cause fatigue
        
        Increased inorganic phosphate (Pi) from CP and ATP breakdown may interfere with calcium release from SR
        
        May also interfere with release of Pi from myosin
        
        Both would result in weaker muscle contraction
        
        Levels of K+, Na+ and Ca2+ can change disrupting membrane potential of muscle cell
  - - - lactic acids is converted to pyretic acid
        
        glycogen stores are replaced
        
        ATP and creatine phosphate reserves are resynthesized
        
        all replenishing steps require extra oxygen so this is referred as post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
        
        AKA oxygen debt
- - - - Low oxygen levels prevent pyruvic acid from entering aerobic respiration phase
        
        Bulging muscles compress blood vessels, impairing oxygen delivery
        
        In the absence of oxygen, referred to as anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
        
        Lactic acid diffuses into bloodstream
        
        Used as fuel by liver, kidneys, and heart
        
        Converted back into pyruvic acid or glucose by liver
        
        Anaerobic respiration yields only 5% as much ATP as aerobic respiration, but produces ATP 21⁄2 times faster
      - Normally, pyruvic acid enters mitochondria to start aerobic respiration phase; however, at high intensity activity, oxygen is not available
    - - does not require oxygen
      - glucose is broken into 2 pyretic acid molecules
      - 2 ATPs are generated for each glucose that is broken down
      - glycolysis
    - - Produces 95% of ATP during rest and light-to-moderate exercise
        
        Consists of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria and require oxygen
        
        Fuels used include glucose from glycogen stored in muscle fiber, then blood glucose, and free fatty acids
        
        Fatty acids are main fuel after 30 minutes of exercise
        
        Breaks glucose into CO2, H2O, and large amount ATP (32 can be produced)
      - Slower than anaerobic pathway
- - - - Changing frequency of stimulation
        
        The higher the frequency, the greater the strength of contraction
      - Changing strength of stimulation
        
        The stronger the stimulation, the more motor units are activated, and the stronger the contraction
  - - - Wave (temporal) summation
        
        If stimuli frequency increases, muscle tension reaches near maximum
        
        If stimuli frequency further increase, muscle tension reaches maximum
        
        Referred to as fused(complete) tetanus because contractions “fuse” into one smooth sustained contraction plateau
        
        Prolonged muscle contractions lead to muscle fatigue
        
        Produces smooth, continuous contractions that add up (summation)
        
        Further increase in stimulus frequency causes muscle to progress to sustained, quivering contraction referred to as unfused (incomplete) tetanus
      - happens if 2 stimuli are received by a muscle in rapid succession
        
        Muscle fibers do not have time to completely relax between stimuli, so twitches increase in force with each stimulus
        
        Additional Ca2 + that is released with second stimulus stimulates more shortening
- - - - Can transform chemical energy (ATP) into directed mechanical energy, which is capable
        of exerting force
        
        Only skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and referred to as muscle fibers
  - - - Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in heart
        
        Makes up bulk of heart walls
        
        Striated
        
        Involuntary: cannot be controlled consciously
        
        Contracts at steady rate due to heart’s own pacemaker, but nervous system can increase rate
        
        Key words for cardiac muscle: cardiac, striated, and involuntary
      - Smooth muscle
        
        Smooth muscle tissue: found in walls of hollow organs
        
        not striated
        
        Involuntary: cannot be controlled consciously
        
        Key words for smooth muscle: visceral, nonstriated and involuntary
        
        Examples: stomach, urinary bladder, and airways
        
        Characteristics of muscle tissue
        
        Contractility: ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
        
        Extensibility: ability to be stretched
        
        Excitability (responsiveness): ability to receive and respond to stimuli
        
        Elasticity: ability to recoil to resting length
        
        Muscle functions
        
        Maintain posture and body position
        
        Stabilize joints
        
        Produce movement: responsible for all locomotion and manipulation
        
        Example: walking, digesting, pumping blood
        
        Generate heat as they contract
        
        Skeletal muscle anatomy nerve and blood supply
        
        Each muscle receives a nerve, artery, and veins
        
        Consciously controlled skeletal muscle has nerves supplying every fiber to control activity
        
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        Connective tissue sheaths
        
        Each skeletal muscle, as well as each muscle fiber, is covered in connective tissue
        
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        Support cells and reinforce whole muscle
        
        Deep fascia: dense irregular connective tissue external to epimysium and separates individual muscles. Also, binds together muscles with similar functions
    - - Skeletal muscle fibers are longest of all muscle and have striations (stripes)
        
        Also called voluntary muscle: can be consciously controlled
        
        Contract rapidly; tire easily; powerful
        
        Key words for skeletal muscle: skeletal, striated, and voluntary
- - - - Ca2+ release leads to contraction
        
        AP is brief and ends before contraction is seen
- - - - muscle hypertrophy- increase in muscle size
        
        the patient needs protein to build muscle so by him cutting out meat and tofu is extremely bad for his body
        
        lacking the nutrients he needs to build muscle and that's why he's been cramping and has muscle fatigue
      - needs nutrients for muscles to become bigger in size
    - - needs electrolytes to replenish himself
- - - - effects nervous system if this continues the nervous system because of lack of ATP