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CHAPTER 7 (The Prescriptive Approach (A set of rules of grammar in English…
CHAPTER 7
The Prescriptive Approach
A set of rules of grammar in English for the proper use of the language made by grammarians
You must not split an infinitive
You must not end a sentence with a preposition
You must never begin a sentence with "and"
Subjects and Objects
English often uses position in the sentence to indicate grammatical function
Subject: Usually the first noun phrase before the verb
Object: The noun phrase after the verb
Adjunct: Often a prepositional phrase, is often at the end (but not always) and provides additional information such as where, when or how the subject verb-
ed
the object
The Descriptive Approach
Basically a different set of rules (more like a guide) to language based on how it is actually used by its speakers
Structural Analysis
Main purpose is to investigate the distribution of forms in a language through text frames/ sentences with empty spaces in them
Constituent Analysis
Main purpose is to show how "small constituents" (components) come together to make a bigger constituent
Traditional Grammar
Parts of Speech
Nouns
: Words that refer to people, objects, creatures, places qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas
Articles
: Words (a, an , the) used with nouns to form noun phrases
Adjectives
: Words typically used with nouns to provide more information about the things referred to (
focuses on nouns or pronouns
)
Verbs
: Words used to refer to various kinds of actions and states involving people and things in events
Adverbs
: Words typically used with verbs to provide more information about actions, states and events
(focuses on anything but nouns or pronouns
)
Prepositions
: Words used with nouns in phrases to provide information about time, place, and other connections involving actions and things i.e. at, in, on, near, with, without etc.
Pronouns
: Words used in place of noun phrases referring to people and things already known/ mentioned
Conjunctions
: Words used to make connections and indicate relationships between events i.e. and, but, because, when, etc.
Agreement
Agreement must exist between number, person, tense, voice and gender
This is basically subject-verb agreement lo
Noun Phrase
: A phrase that has a noun or indefinite pronoun (pronoun that refers to non-specific beings) and often performs the same grammatical functions of a phrase
Prepositional Phrase
: A group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object