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3.3.11 Amides (Nucleophilic substitution (cationic surfactants (quaternary…
3.3.11 Amides
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Base properties
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explain the difference in base strength in terms of the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the N atom.
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more alkyl groups mean greater inductive effects, and greater base strength; increase electron density
Preparation of Amines
reduction of nitriles
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Halogenoalkanes react with cyanide ion in aqueous ethanol; cyanide ion replaces halide ion by nucleophilic substitution:
RBr + CN- --> R-C≡N + Br-
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primary amines
boiling point: lower than comparable alcohols, increase with length of chain
solubility: chain length up to four are very soluble in water and alcohols as they form hydrogen bonds with solvents
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