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CHAPTER 6 (Morphemes (Free Morphemes (Lexical (Ordinary nouns, verbs,…
CHAPTER 6
Morphemes
Minimal units of meaning/ grammatical function
These units carry their own meaning if a word is split up
eg:
re
("again)
new
("recently made")
ed
("past tense")
Free Morphemes
Units that can stand on their own as single words i.e.
new
,
tour
Lexical
Ordinary
nouns
,
verbs
,
adjectives
and
adverbs
Carry the content of what we're trying to say
As it is easy to add new lexical morphemes to the language, it's called an open class of words (terbuka so anyone can barge in like a bawse)
Functional
Ordinary
articles
,
conjunctions
,
prepositions
and
pronouns
They help make the sentence more complete (kira mcm class rep function la gitew. Dua2 pun function)
As you almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, it's called a closed class of words
Bound Morphemes
Units that can't stand on their own and need other forms to function (basically all affixes are here)
Derivational
Basically the affixes added at the beginning or the end of a root/base word to make a new word or a new form of the existing word (the one in Chapter 5)
Can change the grammatical category of a word
Inflectional
Suffixes that used to indicate the grammatical function of a word
They determine if it's
plural or singular
,
the tenses
and if it's a
comparative or possessive form
Never changes the grammatical category of a word
Past tense marker
-ed
, third person singular present
-s
, plural marker
-s
, past particle
-en
, possessive marker
-'s
, comparative
-er
, superlative
-est
, continuous marker
-ing
Morphs, Allomorphs and Special Cases
Morphs: Units that make up a morpheme
Allomorphs: The different ways a morpheme might sound like when spoken in a specific language
Special Cases: "Zero-morph" happens which is when a word stays the same even if the meaning is different, or also when the word changes completely from the root, i.e go = went
e.g: /ʃip/ + / :forbidden: / means it is the plural form of sheep even though it's still spelled the same
Morphology
Literally means the study of forms gitew
In language, it means the study of the elements in the form of a linguistic message
Other Languages
You use your own brain and compare and contrast it the examples with each other to figure out the pattern. Only then shall you truly learn