Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

POP 60 STEPS, STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY (Step 14: Use the CHEERS…

- - - - Step 28: Identify risky facilities
        
        reporting practises
        
        random variation
        
        many targets
        
        hot products
        
        location
        
        repeat victimisation
        
        crime attractors
      - Step 21: Collect your own data
        
        Problem-oriented policing makes many demands on you, but it does not require you to expose yourself to the risk of mugging or assault.
        
        Getting into the field can give you an understanding of the problem
        
        Designing a data-collection instrument can force you to think very hard about the nature of the problem,
        
        Involving police officers in data collection (and in the design of the exercise) provides a valuable opportunity to train them
        
        Undertaking your own data collection gives you the opportunity to hone your research skills and be genuinely creative.
      - Step 20: Formulate hypotheses
        
        A set of hypotheses is a roadmap for analysis. Hypotheses suggest types of data to collect, how this data should be analyzed, and how to interpret analysis results.
        
        1) clearly state your hypotheses, (2) not be wedded to them, and (3) use data to objectively test them
      - Step 23: Diagnose your hot spot
        
        Acute hot spots show abnormal spikes in crime, which may decline naturally, while chronic hot spots have persistently higher crime levels than other areas and are unlikely to decline unless something is done.
        
        3kinds of chronic hotspots
        
        hot dot
        
        hot lines
        
        hot areas
      - Step 24: Know when to use high-definition maps
        
        In fact, many large buildings are not safe. In his devastating critique of 1960s American public housing, Oscar Newman showed that the taller a tower block, the higher the rate of crime per 100 residents.
        
        To understand why a particular building is insecure, crimes need to be divided into specific categories and their locations within the building need to be charted. This is where high-definition or 3-D mapping comes into play.
      - Step 25: Pay attention to daily and weekly rhythms
        
        Charting the rhythm of crime or disorder events helps identify important activity cycles that may contribute to a problem.
        
        Jerry Ratcliffe also has identified three forms of temporal clustering.(day/week)
        
        First, events may be relatively evenly spread over the entire day. He calls this a diffused pattern
        
        Second, focused patterns show clustering within distinct time ranges. Events clustered around rush hours follow focused patterns.
        
        Third, acute patterns are tightly packed within small period
      - Step 29: Be ready for repeat victimization
        
        Some people are repeatedly victimized and, in conformity with the 80-20 rule (Step 18), a small proportion of victims account for a large proportion of all victimizations.
        
        About 4 Percent of People Experience About 40 Percent of All Crimes
      - Step 30: Consider repeat offending
        
        One of the fundamental facts of criminology is that a small proportion of individuals commit a large proportion of crime. Data from Marvin Wolfgang's famous Philadelphia cohort study suggested that around 5 percent of offenders account for 40 percent of crimes
        
        Tackling repeat offending by removing facilitating environments can be effective.
      - Step 22: Examine your data distributions
        
        There are two basic descriptions of distributions: the typical, or average, case and the variation, or spread of cases.
      - Step 26: Take account of long-term change
        
        The time course of a problem can be divided into three basic component
        
        • The overall trend, which may be obvious from visual inspection, and which shows whether the problem is getting worse, better, or staying the same over a long period.
        
        • Seasonal, daily, and weekly cycles.
        
        • Random fluctuations that are caused by a large number of minor influences.
        
        Systematic study of the time course of crime is called "time series analysis."
      - Step 19: Research your problem
        
        Other police agencies might already have dealt with the problem you are tackling or researchers might have studied it. You could save a lot of time by finding out how they analyzed it and what they did, in particular which responses seemed to be effective and which not.
- - - - Control access to facilities
      - Screen exits
      - Deflect offenders
      - Control tools/weapons
      - Target harden
    - - Extend guardianship
      - Assist natural surveillance
      - Reduce anonymity
      - Use place managers
      - Strengthen formal surveillance
    - - 11. Conceal targets
      - Remove targets
      - Identify property
      - Disrupt markets
      - Deny benefits
    - - 16. Reduce frustrations and stress
      - Avoid disputes
      - Reduce arousal and temptation
      - Neutralize peer pressure
      - Discourage imitation
    - - 21. Set rules
      - Post instructions
      - Alert conscience
      - Assist compliance
      - Control drugs and alcohol
- - - - Changes in size. If there had been a decline in the number of tenants in an apartment building, we would expect the number of burglaries to decline because there are fewer potential victims
    - - The first method is to measure the problem for a long period before the response so that any trend can be identified
      - The second method is to compare the people or places getting the response to a similar group of people or places not getting the response. This is called a control group or a comparison group.
      - Other unexpected events. Many other things are changing as the response is implemented, one or more of which could have caused the decline in the problem
      - Change in problem measurement. A before-after comparison is only valid if the problem was measured in the same way before and after the response
      - Natural decline from an extreme high. Many problems are addressed because things have become extremely bad. So the response is implemented when the problem is abnormally high. But even a relatively stable problem will fluctuate
        
        A problem that is now abnormally bad will return to its normal level, even if nothing is done (this is called "regression to the mean," and it applies to abnormal lows as well).

Communicate effectively

Step 55: Make clear maps

Know what information your audience will find useful (and what information is confusing).

Keep maps simple. Eliminate all features that do not contribute to understanding the problem.

Avoid graphics that draw more attention to themselves than the data.

Include details that help the viewer understand the problem, even if that means adding this information by hand.

Include a scale and, if needed, a compass orientation (usually North is to the top).

Use meaningful gradations to show intensity of hot spots. For example show colors becoming increasingly hot (yellow to red) as the problem worsens.

Apply the correct dimension of crime concentration: dots for places (and sometimes victims); lines for concentrations along streets and highways; and areas for neighborhoods.

Make use of tables and figures along with maps.