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Patient has difficulty speaking and has severe muscle spasms in the face…

- - - - muscles are attched to the bones
      - they are made up of fibers
      - under a microscope, muscle tissues appear striaghted
      - contain lots of blood and energy
  - - - bones are made of collagen and bone marrow
      - contain blood vessels inside
      - contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  - - - tube-like structure that carries an electrical impulse
    - - the branched portion at the end of a neuron in which neurotransmitters are held untilled they are released
      - contain synaptic vesicles
    - - the brach portion of the neuron found around the cell body
    - - the yellow fatty covering that surrounds the axon
      - It is made up of protein and fatty substances
    - - cone-shaped region at the end of the cell body
    - - the spaces in between each cell of schwann
    - - spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus
      - connected to the dendrites
    - - The cells found along the length of the axon
    - - granules of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of neurons
    - - have small amounts of cytoplasm surrounding rounded nuclei
      - possess only a few short processes
  - - - stomach and similar digestive organs are made up of smooth muscle tissue
  - - - made up of an axon with a myelin sheath
      - contain a cell body which has dendrites it
      - the end of the neuron contains the axon terminals
      - attached to muscle fibers
  - - - these are found throughout the entire body
    - - oxygen is found in the red blood cells
  - - - oxygen is found within these structures
      - lungs are made up of smooth muscular tissue
        
        contain epithelial cells
  - - - ACh, AChE
    - - sodium and calcium
    - - Neurons, myocytes
    - - sodium, potassium, and calcium voltage gated channels
- - - - Muscles become stiffened because neurotransmitters from neurons are not being released
        
        muscles always stiffened will not be able to use ATP to function properly
        
        thus preventing the ability to chew food well
    - - patient may have difficulty sleeping as a result
      - can lead to chronic neck and back pain
        
        arthritic changes in the spine
        
        can lead to injury of muscles and bones
        
        patient may feel severe pain
  - - - can cause pain for several weeks or months
      - can lead to an inability to move certain body parts
  - - - message cant be sent to the muscles
        
        results in spasms of muscles in the face
        
        can also result in stiffness of muscles
      - communication is also affected
        
        speech can become irregular
        
        signals in the brain are not functioning properly
  - - - can lead to irregular beating of the heart
        
        if irregular beating of the heart worsens, it can lead to death
    - - blood pressure may increase
        
        if not treated, can result in death
  - - - if this worsens it can result in death
      - improper amount of blood and oxygen is being transported to the lungs
    - - cardiac arrest can lead to death
  - - - diarrhea can occur
      - nutrients may not be absorbed well as food is not chewed well enough
      - lack of glucose in the body can result in tiredness and fatiigue
- - - - this toxin binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction,
      - spasms are induced by the toxin is due to the blockade of neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons.
      - The toxin then destroys a vesicular synaptic membrane protein
        
        resulting in inactivation of inhibitory neurotransmission that normally suppresses motor neuron and muscle activity
      - the paralytic process involves the three-step sequence of binding, internalization, and block
  - - - thus allowing sodium and potassium to pass at the same time
        
        more sodium enters than potassium exists thus resulting in depolarization
  - - - Temporal Summation
        
        1.) A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are close in time
        
        2.) 2 EPSPs close in time add together
        
        3.) Summation brings the axons initial segment to threshold and AP fires
      - Spatial Summation
        
        2.) 2 EPSPs at the same time from different locations add together
        
        3.) summation brings the axons intial segment to threshold and an AP fires
        
        1.) if more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time, EPSPs are generated at different locations of the neuron
      - summation meaning:
        
        neurons constantly add messages together
        
        IPSPs bring the electrical charge further away from the threshold while EPSPs do the oppsite
        
        this is known as spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
        
        the electrical sum of those messages determines whether or not a neuron depolarizes
        
        -55mV is the threshold value needed to reach in order for voltage gated sodium channels to open
  - - - controls all of the functions of the cell
    - - conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body
    - - receive stimulation in order for the cell to become active
      - conduct electrical messages to the neuron cell body for the cell to function
    - - controls the firing of the neuron
      - when the total strength of the signal exceeds the threshold limit of the axon hillock, the structure will fire a signal down the axon
    - - allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, causing an electrical signal down the axon
    - - conducts electrical signals to a nerve synapse
        
        The signal then moves across the synapse to another axon by means of a neurotransmitter
    - - allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
    - - cells that form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system
    - - manufacture and release of proteins and amino acids
    - - cells that form myelin sheaths around axons of neurons in the central nervous system
  - - - allows a person to extend or flex their arm/ leg
      - gives a variety of motions as well as strength to perform certain tasks
        
        ex: running, walking, jumping, etc
  - - - (this can cause bones to become weaker if overdone)
  - - - neurotransmitters are released in the synapse
        
        this signals the next neuron to pass down the message
  - - - provides the body with the oxygen and nutrients needed to function as well as the bones and muscles