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Learning Theories (Cognitivism (Theorists (Robert Mills Gagné, Benjamin…
Learning Theories
Cognitivism
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View of Knowledge
The mind is at the center of cognitivist theory. For cognitivists, knowledge is formed as a result of mental processes, such as planning, computing, goal-setting, and problem-solving.
View of Learning
For cognitivists, learning occurs as a student constructs "mental maps" to understand a new concept, and changes those mental schemata as additional information is acquired.
Instruction
Unlike behaviorism, cognitivism argues that humans are rational beings whose decisions are made through thinking, rather than simply responding to a stimulus. This emphasis on thinking is applicable to all stages of education, but it is especially present in environments that use a "mastery model". Learners can progress through a series of tasks, and must demonstrate mastery before moving on. When a student makes a mistake, it is simple for an instructor to identify where a student's mental model missed the ideal outcome.
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Constructivism
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View of Knowledge
Individuals continually construct knowledge upon a foundation of previous learning and personal experience. As students take in information, those ideas are either shaped to fit within their existing knowledge, or their current knowledge is reframed to accommodate new ideas.
View of Learning
Learning builds upon a student's previous experience and individual understanding. Students learn best when they have the opportunity to problem-solve, explore, and apply (or challenge) their previously-held ideas.
Instruction
Constructivist instruction centers on knowledge creation rather than knowledge reproduction. To apply constructivism in their classes, instructors can provide complex real-world examples, authentic tasks in meaningful contexts, and frequent opportunities for reflection.
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Social Constructivism
Instruction
Social Constructivist instruction relies on three principles. 1) Intersubjectivity, or the idea that learners from two different backgrounds can arrive at a shared understanding. 2) Scaffolding, or when an instructor adjusts their level of support based on students' perfromance. 3) Guided Participation, or the shared endeavor between the expert and the participants.
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View of Learning
Learning is deeply collaborative and draws heavily on individuals' social and cultural understanding. According to social constructivists, it is not possible to divorce learning from its social context.
View of Knowledge
Knowledge is created through personal significance and communication among instructors and students; not just though a memorization of facts.
Behaviorism
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View of Knowledge
Behaviorists imagine the human mind as a "closed black box." In studying human knowledge, they focus on observable, measurable human behavior.
View of Learning
Learning occurs when an individual responds to a stimulus. That response is either reinforced with a reward or suppressed by a punishment.
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Instruction
Behaviorist principles inform many common reward systems in education. In digital learning spaces, online homework software often provides instant feedback, to incentivize or correct student behavior. In a face-to-face elementary classroom, instructors might use a color-coded sticker chart to reward well-behaved students and correct misbehaving students.
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