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Chief Concern: A 23-year-old patient demonstrating severe face and arm…

- - - - Muscular System
        
        Mandible, Cervicle region, and Abdominal region
      - Nervous System
        
        Central Nervous System
        
        Brain and Spinal Cord
      - Skeletal System
        
        Spine
      - Respiratory System
        
        Lungs, Diaphragm
      - Cardiovascular System
        
        Heart
    - - Types of Neurons
        
        Integrating Neurons
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        Motor (Efferent) Neurons
        
        Multipolar Neurons
        
        Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
        
        Unipolar Neurons
      - Dendrites
      - Nucleolus
      - Nucleus
      - Axon Hillock
      - Axon
      - Axon Terminals
      - Oligodendrocytes
      - Nissl bodies
      - Nodes of Ranvier
      - Myelin Sheath
      - Cell body
  - - - Muscular System
        
        assists with movement and heat production
      - Nervous System
        
        detects and responds to stimuli
        
        Central Nervous System (CNS)
        
        controls most functions of the body and mind.
      - Skeletal System
        
        provides the body's framework and protects organs
      - Respiratory System
        
        does gas exchange
      - Cardiovascular System
        
        transports and circulates blood throughout the body
    - - Types of Neurons
        
        Motor (Efferemt) Neurons
        
        send directions for the right response.
        
        neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors.
        
        Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
        
        neurons that transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin
        
        Interneurons
        
        neurons that conduct impulses within the CNS and integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output
      - Oligodendrocytes
        
        cells that form myelin sheaths around axons of neurons in the CNS
      - Axon Terminals
        
        end of the axon that contain synaptic vesicles
      - Myeline Sheath
        
        the fatty layers that surround and electrically- insulate the axon, speeding up nerve impulses
      - Axon
        
        carries the impulse away from the cell body
      - Nodes of Ranvier
        
        gaps between the oligodendrocytes on a neuron's axon
      - Dendrites
        
        region of the neuron that receives incoming signals and conveys them towards the cell body.
      - Nissl bodies
        
        granules of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of neurons
      - Cell body
        
        the portion in which the nucleus and most of the organelles are found.
      - Axon Hillock
        
        cone-shaped area where the axon leaves the cell body
      - Nucleus
        
        contains the cell's DNA
      - send and receive signals from your brain
    - - A motor neuron release acetylcholine (ACh) in the neuromuscular junction.
        
        ACh attaches to the chemically gated sodium (Na+) channels as it opens
        
        The action potential travels the sarcolemma by the T-tubule, which allow all parts of the muscle fiber to depolarize
        
        The voltage-gated Calcium channels open
        
        calcium binds to troponin
        
        tropomyosin unblocks the myosin-binding sites on actin
        
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    - - it is about adding up the effect of multiple stimuli, that are all individually subthreshold, to eventually reach threshold.
        
        Types of Summation
        
        Temporal Summation
        
        A rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSP's that are close in time
        
        Two EPSP close in time add together
        
        summation brings the axon'x initial segment to threshold and an Action Potential fires.
        
        Spatial Summation
        
        If more than one presynaptic neuron fires at the same time, EPSPs are generated at different location on the neuron.
        
        Two EPSP at the same time from different location add together.
        
        Summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold and an Action Potential
        
        Spatial Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
        
        if a presynaptic neuron creats an IPSP, it can override the EPSP created by another neuron
        
        An EPSP brings the neuron closer to threshold
        
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    - - found in soil, dust and animal feces
        
        When the spores enter a deep flesh wound, they grow into bacteria that can produce a powerful toxin, tetanospasmin
        
        The toxin impairs the nerves that control your muscles (motor neurons). Enters from the neuromuscular junction into the motor neuron axon terminals.
        
        Once it enters from the motor neuron into the spinal cord ( Takes about 2 - 14 days)
        
        tetanospasmin then reaches the motor neuron cell body causing a interruption with the synapse of the inhibitory interneuron
        
        Preventing the inhibitory interneuron to release its inhibitory neurotransmitter. The motor neurons will then continue firing constantly firing.
        
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    - - Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs
        
        Excitatory neruotransmitters open channels that depolarize the membrane.
        
        Chemically Gated Sodium Channels open
      - Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs)
        
        Inhibitory neurotransmitters open channels that hyperpolarize the membrane
        
        Chemically Gated Potassium Channels open
        
        Chemically Gated Chloride Channels open
- - - - Respiratory System
        
        Severe muscle spasms can interfere with or stop your breathing. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death. Also, Pneumonia can develop as well.
      - Nervous System
        
        The tetanospasmin toxin attacks the Central Nervous System. It can affect the inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. The toxin prevents the inhibitory neurotransmitter from the inter neuron, which allows the motor neurons to fire constantly.
      - Muscular System
        
        Spasms, stiffness in the jaw (Lock jaw), neck and abdominal muscles. Painful body spasms last for several minutes.
      - Skeletal System
        
        The severity of spasms may cause the spine and other bones to break.
      - Cardiovascular System
        
        Pulmonary embolism: A condition in which one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot. Lack of oxygen may also induce cardiac arrest.