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Classification and Systematics (Taxonomic Studies (specimens must first…
Classification and Systematics
Taxonomic Studies
specimens must first be identified using diagnostic keys and personal knowledge
when new species is known more research is carried out
botanical exploration
description must also include designation of type of specimen
declaring new species is essays but it needs proper descriptions to prove
gather informations about various types of new species
discovery of new species
Cladistics
monophyletic group- evolved from same ancestral group
homologous characters- synapomorphies
paraphyletic group- does not contain all descendants of most recent common ancestor
sympleisomorphy- shared ancestral condition
node, each point at which a cladogram branches
shows evolutionary patterns by means of series of branches
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
most cladogram are not stable
many systematics use taxonomic classification
Major Lines of Evolution
conversion of prokaryotes into eukaryotes
ER and true nucleus emerged
first organisms were simple
Kingdom Plantae formed 400 million years ago
Organisms classified as Bacteria, Archae or Eukarya
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Other Types of Classification Systems
Artificial System of Classification
classification category may be
trees are group together
as herbs, shrubs, vines and so on
characters are not related each other by descent from common ancestor
uses several easy characters to observe
plants are grouped together for economical or scientific importance
Classification Systems for Fossils
goal is to understand evolution of fossil
also to identify both its ancestors and its relative that might evolved later
combined features of both artificial and natural systems
all fossils with same basic form are classified together
use for fossil organisms
