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Lecture 15: Community management of the Commons (Folk Ecology (Mapped…
Lecture 15: Community management of the Commons
Difficulties of governing Common Pool Resources
Forest protection very diff
may fail cos
-ve response to govt rule
communities may not support conservation goal
very hard to implement enforcement
Kruger park fence
Fence erected to deter poaching, keep wildlife in national park
Taken down because cannot be maintained
Marks border of South africa & mozambique
Problems of enforcement
Does not lead to internalisation of the norm
Excessive control can induce psychological reaction - resistance
Depends on expectation - fear of punishment
Regulation depends on compliance
Conditions for good community management of resources
Community characteristics
Relatively closed group
Well-connected social network
easy to enforce rules
Community mechanisms for conflict resolution
info sharing flows through community
Limited population growth
Shared community norms
Stable community
Good knowledge abt the resource
Characteristics of rules
Rules exclude outsiders, restrains insiders
Rules are liable to changes when conditions change
Community monitors others & performs enforcement
There are incentives to abide by the rules
Perceived as fair
Easy to identify rule-breakers & punish them
Community participation in rule-making
Resource characteristics
No substitutes for the resources
Costly for community to leave the area
Changes in resources abundance can be monitored
Resource use is manageable
Resource has clear boundaries and is within the boundaries
eg. of community management
East African
Small & cohesive network
Enforcement
Mild ostracism
Informal justice
if areas are banned from fishing, fish can migrate into them and rebound
managed a small area with rotational method
easy to predict
Degradation was perceptible
non-mobile
Behaviour easy to observe
small, easy to define
Thai fishermen communities in Bang Ben
encroachment of modernisation by govt & NGOs following tsunami
Led to new piers built, easy access to protected areas
Community has been fishing for centuries
resulted in more damage of the park
Boat licensing by Bang Ben Boat Club run by the community
Bang Ben next to Laem Son National Park
Torbel, Swiss Alps
Grazing rules
Fines administered by local official for those violating rules
Local official is elected annually by association of cattle owners
Can't graze more cows in summer than can feed in the winter
Annual fee paid that is proportional to cattle owned
Fees used to maintain roads & paths
Rebuilding of corrals & huts damaged by avalanches
Forestry rules
Eligible families harvest and process logs
Households assigned stacks of wood by lottery
Once a year, trees marked for harvest
Written rules since 13th century
500 ppl managed forest & grazing lands for centuries
Social capital
Bridging social capital
brings ppl tgt with similar concerns
Most diff to build because of inter-group biases
Linkages among ppl & groups that didn't choose to be tgt but nonetheless are tgt
Harder to gain trust
Linking social capital
Ability of groups to gain resources from external agencies/authorities
r/s with institutions eg. govt
Bonding social capital
emotional connections & supportiveness that develop most often between ppl who share traits, values or r/s
Sense of community
Examples
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
Frequent conflict
between groups (low bridging capital)
With park management (low linking capital)
among residents (low bonding capital)
home of mountain gorilla & other species
strong international interest in parks' protection didn't align with locals
Bang Ben
close knit community (high bonding capital)
Cooperative with neighbouring groups (high bridging capital)
Has all 3
Govt & international support for tsunami recovery (high linking capital)
Folk Ecology
studied 3 diff groups
Ladinos population
Focus on cash value of forest products
Mid-level destructive
Spanish-speaking immigrants
Q'eqchi population
Highly destructive
Strong community & kin groups
Immigrant Mayans
Have international ties
Itza population
last native Mayans
Greater awareness of ecological complexity
More forest regeneration
Have better soil
Clear less land
Protect plants they think are valuable
Plant more species
Mapped social linkages within groups
Obtainment of folk ecology
Ladinos get from Itza
Q'eqchi get from Washington-based NGO
Itza get from Itza wise men
Studies show that strong community ties of Q'eqchi insufficient to predict good community management of CPR cos they lack knowledge of the resource
Ladinos
Partial connection to forest experts
has Itza ties
Itza
no external ties
Knowledge of forest largely obtained by independent discovery
few connections but most connected to forest expert
Q'eqchi most dense
Had Ladino ties
Despite strong connections, least connected to forest experts
strong & vast social linkages
Resource monitoring is done by US-based NGO & a Guatemalan govt organisation
searching for lines of ecological learning & info
Variation in Folk ecology
Ladinos
Have some understanding of ecology, but not complete
Q'eqchi
Do not see/understand impact on plants
Lack of understanding of plant-animal interaction
Itza
Observe symmetrical r/s
Think animals & plants live symbiotically
report helping plants more
Consider that they benefit the local ecology
Remove forest "weeds" that damage ecosystem
could identify more plant-animal interactions
How they affect forest
Q'echi deforest 5 times faster than Itza
Ladinos deforest 2 times faster than Itza
Forest protection around Peten in Guatemala
Common pool resource issue
Cultural diff in resource preservation
Conflicting groups use the forest diff
how ppl understand & utilise interactions between plants, animals & humans
Maine lobsters
Management of lobsters
Conservation management teams survey & advise to American Lobster Board (ALB)
ALB makes plans to help declining population
Fisheries Management Plan has set up 7 conservation areas
State of Maine regulations
Requires licensing
Patrolling lobster area
Limits size & sex of lobster that can be caught
No fishing on Sunday
Process
Checked regularly by "pulling"
Every trap marked with owner's license number
wooden traps or "pots" dropped in water
Steady yield of lobster for many decades
Role of central govt in community management
Can help resource management
can offer legal support to punish violators
Support the monitoring of resource
Co-management
Govt suports them
Shared power & responsibility
Communities develop systems
Can block resource management
can exploit power with bribery & political favours