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Prostate Cancer (Risks Factors (Smoking, Geographical Location: North…
Prostate Cancer
Risks Factors
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Geographical Location: North America, Northwestern Europe, Australia
Diet: High fat, red meat, and dairy
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Common Findings
Bladder outlet obstruction: slow urinary
stream, hesitancy, incomplete emptying,
frequency, nocturia, dysuria
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Other symptoms of advance stage:
edema of lower extremities, enlargement
of lymph nodes, liver enlargement,
mental confusion associated with brain
metastases
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Treatments
Cryotherapy: use of cold gases to freeze and
destroy the prostate
~Used to treat early stage prostate cancer or
recurrence after radiation therapy
Hormone therapy or androgen deprivation
therapy: goal is to reduce androgens
(testosterone and dihydrotesterone) which
stimulate prostate cancer cells to grow
Radiation therapy: external beam radiation
or brachytherapy AKA seed implantation
~Low grade cancer in prostate gland or nearby tissue
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Surgery: total prostatectomy, transurethral
resection of the prostate (TURP)
~Best when cancer has not spread beyond prostate gland
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Psychological Effects
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Decreased Libido, Change in sexual function, Erectile Dysfunction
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Reference
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Simoes, G. F., Sakuramoto, P., Brito, C., Santos, Furlan, N. K. C., & Augusto, T. M. (2018, March 20). An Overview on Prostate Pathophysiology: New Insights into Prostate Cancer Clinical Diagnosis. Retrieved November 9, 2019, from https://www.intechopen.com/books/pathophysiology-altered-physiological-states/an-overview-on-prostate-pathophysiology-new-insights-into-prostate-cancer-clinical-diagnosis.
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Etiology
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Changes occur in the shape and size of the prostate glandular cells,
known as the prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
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Chronic Inflammation has been linked to prostatic adenocarcinoma as damage from inflammatory responses cause repeated cycles of injury and cell death to the prostate epithelium
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Increase in genetic instability may progress
to high-grade prostate intraepithelial
neoplasia (PIN) and prostate carcinogenesis
Possible causes of inflammation: infection,
hormones, physical trauma, urine reflex,
certain dietary factors
This leads to focal atrophy or prostatic
intraepithelial atrophy (PIA), which is
considered a precursor to prostate cancer
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Causative Factors
Genetic Mutations
Men with Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, or HNPCC) occur due to a mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes and has been linked to prostate cancer
HPC1 (hereditary prostate cancer gene) and PCAP (predisposing cancer of the prostate gene) are in chromosome 1
HOXB13 gene mutations could result in impairment of the protein's tumor suppressor function. Results in the uncontrolled cell growth and division
Inherited mutations of the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 gene impair the cell's ability to fix damaged DNA. Allows potentially damaging mutations to continue.
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Diagnostic Tests
Prostate biopsy to determine if malignant,
which is then graded based on the Gleason
socre
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Blood test: prostate- specific antigen (PSA)
4 ng/mL
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