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UK landscapes (How stacks are formed in steps (Hydraulic action widens…
UK landscapes
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Water cycle terms
Precipitation is when water falls from clouds, snow, rain and hail
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Solution, When the sediment is dissolved into the water
Abrasion, when sediment bashes against the river or seam bed
Hydraulic action, when water enters a crack, compressing the air causing the rock to expand and contract.
Attrition, Rocks that bash together and become smoother and smaller
Suspension, sediment carried along by the flow of the water
Saltation, pebbles that bounce along the river, sea bed
Solution, when the sediment is dissolved into the water
Traction, when bigger rocks, roll along the river, sea bed
Hard Engineering
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Gabions are cages full of rocks and boulders designed to break up the waves energy and to protect the cliffs.
Mass movement is the movement of weathered material and rocks under the influence of gravity. These include rockfalls, landslides, mudflow and rotational slip.
types of weathering: Mechanical is the disintegration of rock (freeze thaw) , chemical which is caused by chemical changes (carbnation), biological is when a plant and animals.
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waves are formed by the wind blowing over the water which causes friction which in return causes the water to swell. waves break by reaching the beach, which causes them to slow down the bottom of the wave causing the top to continue and causing the wave to break. A constructive wave has a strong swash which pushes sediment up the beach and a weak backwash. Destructive waves have a string backwash which draws sediment into the sea and a weak swash.
Our UK river case study was on the river Severn. They have built temporary and permiment defences along the river to prevent it flooding in extreme conditions ever again. The temporary sea defences allow tourists to see the city in the summer. In addition to this, the rivers banks had been raised and re-enfirced to hold more water.
Bays are formed due to coastal erosion. AS the waves hit against the hard and soft rick, the soft rock erodes a lot quicker than the hard rock causing the formation of a 'u' shaped beach which is called a bay. The harder rock is left jutting out into the sea. This is a headland and is now more vulnerable to erosion.
Deposition = When the sea or river loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying. This is called deposition.
UK coast case study is on Bognor Regis, the sea defences have been owrking there because all the groynes on the east side had a lot more build up of sediment on them. It had a ses wall to prevent waves from damaging the sea walk. So hard engineering is working there
Waterfalls are formed by the water falling over the hard rock and falling on soft rock. The water erodes the soft rock which puts the hard rock under a lot of pressure, eventually, the hard rock will give way. Over a long period of time. the waterfall will retreat causing a gorge.