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respiratory system (mechanism affecting respiratory control…

- - - - 機制：antigen combines with the serum antibody in the alveolar walls, leading to a type III hypersensitivity reaction.
        
        acute symptoms start 4 to 6 hours sign： chills, sweating, shivering, myalgias, nausea, lethargy, headache, and malaise, fever, dyspnea at rest, dry cough,
        
        Diagnosis：the acute/subacute phase: CXR(bilateral pulmonary infiltrates or increased bronchial markings)、In the chronic phase: CXR(diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates and fibrosis)
        
        treatment：Oral corticosteroids 、change in environment or occupation
    - - 機制：the mucociliary system and alveolar macrophages engulf and remove inorganic
        
        Diagnosis：CXR( nodular, reticular, or linear)
        
        Treatment：corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and respiratory treatments
    - - 機制：possibly related to an immune reaction that usually begins with injury to the alveolar epithelial or capillary endothelial cells
        
        生理變化：interstitial and alveolar wall thickening and increased collagen bundles in the interstitium
        
        diagnosis：CXR:honeycomb appearance 、HRCT、
        bronchoalveolar lavage
        
        sign：Dyspnea、clubbing of the nail beds、bibasilar end-expiratory crackles、Cyanosis
        
        treatment：avoid tobacco、antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive agents、Oxygen therapy is needed in patients with hypoxemia、Lung transplantation
  - - - 生理變化: (1) injury to the alveoli from a wide variety of disorders, (2) changes in alveolar diameter, (3) injury to the pulmonary circulation, and (4) disruptions in oxygen transport and utilization
        
        sign：dyspnea, and a low PaO2.
        crackles and rhonchi
        
        Treatment：maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
        use of a volume ventilator utilizing pressure support and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
  - - - sign：hypotension, a tracheal shift to the contralateral side, neck vein distention, hyperresonance, and subcutaneous emphysema.
        
        治療氣胸的治療取決於問題的嚴重程度和漏氣的原因
  - - - sign：dyspnea, pleuritic pain that is sharp and worsens with inspiration, decreased chest wall movement, absence of breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus over the affected area
        
        Treatment：Closed chest tube drainage 、
        thoracentesis is indicated
- - - - 氣管病理變化：↑ fibrosis of the mucous membrane, ↑bronchial mucous glands and goblet cells, hypertrophy of bronchial glands and goblet cells, and ↑bronchial wall thickness
        
        diagnosis：CXR、Pulmonary function tests(RV、FEV1降低)、ABG(Paco2↑)
        
        treatment：inhaled short-acting β2 agonists and inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilators
  - - - 機制：The pathologic changes leading to alveolar destruction are associated with the release of proteolytic enzymes from inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.
        
        dianosis：CXR、Pulmonary function tests((RV↑、TLC↑，FEV1和FVC↓))、ABG(Paco2↓)
        
        sign：barrel chest、dyspnea、pursed-lip breathing
  - - - 氣管病理變化：edema、mucous gland hypertrophy、mucus in the lumen
        
        sign：wheezing, feelings of tightness of the chest, dyspnea, cough, and increased sputum production.
        
        Treatment：Environmental control、removal of allergens、 Drug( including β2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and mast cell inhibitors)