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CHAPTER 3 (Phonetics (Acoustic (Study of the physical properties of speech…

- - - - /ə, ʌ/
    - - /o, ɔ/
    - - /e, ɛ/
  - - - /a/
    - - /ɑ/
    - - none but æ is between front and central
  - - - none
    - - /u, ʊ/
    - - /i, ɪ/
- - - - Tongue tip to alveolar ridge (belakang sikit dari upper teeth)
      - /t, s, d, z, n, l, r/
    - - Tongue + palate (belakang sikit dari alveolar ridge)
      - /ʃ, tʃ, ʒ, dʒ/
    - - Tongue tip behind upper teeth
      - /θ, ð/
    - - Back of tongue + velum (belakang sikit dari palate)
      - /k, g, ŋ/
    - - Upper teeth + lower lip
      - /f, v/
    - - Space between vocal folds
      - /h/
    - - Both lips are used
      - /p, b, m, w/
  - - - Combination of Stops and Fricatives
      - /tʃ, dʒ/
    - - Lower the velum, let air flow through the nose (basically bongos)
      - /m, n, ŋ/
    - - Almost block airflow, let it go through a narrow gap
      - /f, θ, s, ʃ, h, c, ð, z, ʒ/
    - - Raise and curl tongue, let air flow round the sides (just remember ular lari lurus)
      - /l, r/
    - - Block airflow, let it go abruptly
      - /p, t, k, b, d, g/
    - - Move tongue through or from a vowel
      - /w, j/