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Nonvascular Plants (Division Bryophyta: Mosses (Development - growth of…
Nonvascular Plants
Division Bryophyta: Mosses
little or no organized vascular tissue
showing alternation of generations between gamete-bearing forms and spore-bearing forms
rhizoids rather than true roots
are distributed throughout the world except in salt water
nonflowering plants
commonly found in moist shady locations
ubiquitous, all parts of the world and environment
carpet woodland and forest floors
The Gametophyte Generation
A phase in the life cycle of certain plants and algae that starts with a spore up to the time that gametes are produced
The Sporophyte Generation
undergo alternation of generations
produces haploid spores that develop into a gametophyte
makes gametes that fuse and grow into a sporophyte
the sporophyte generation is the dominant generation
FIG 20-19
multicellular diploid generation found in plants and algae
Parts:
Seta - a narrow stock between the foot and the sporangium
Operculum - the apex of the sporangium that differentiates as acaplike lid
Capsule - a simple apical sporangium that develops from the upper cell growing by cell division and expansion
Peristome teeth - two rows of teeth resulting from precise and elaborate cell breakage
Foot - a small bulbous tissue developed from the basal cell
Calyptra - a layer of cells derived from the neck of the archegonium
Morphology - study of the form of living organisms & the relationships between their structures
Gametophores - A structure, as in liverworts and mosses, on which gametangia are borne
Water Transport - occurs at the cellular level, as individual cells absorb and release water, and pass it along to neighboring cells
Leptoids - a type of elongated food-conducting cell that surround strands of water-conducting hydroids
Rhizoids - a filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus, anchor the plant and to conduct water
Hydroids - cells that make up the innermost cortex and they conduct water and dissolved minerals
Development - growth of the gametophyte
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begins when the spore germinates
sends out a long, slender, chlorophyllous cells
Which undergoes mitosis
produces a branched system of similar cells
Reproduction - The method/methods in which moss is reproduced
Protonema - a filamentous structure from which the leafy plant which bears the sexual organs arises as a lateral or terminal shoot
Antheridia - the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants
Archegonia - the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
Liverworts:
lack specialized conducting tissues, cuticles, and stomates
rhizoids are always unicellular
are distributed worldwide, though most commonly in the tropics
lobing is reminiscent of a liver
"liver plant"
Thallose Liverworts -
have a ribbonlike, or strap-shaped, body
grows flat on the ground
high degree of internal structural differentiation into photosynthetic and storage zones
Leafy Liverworts -
leafy gametophyte
one ventral and two dorsal rows of leaves on the stem
any of an order (Jungermanniales) of usually epiphytic liverworts
Parts:
Air Pores - aerenchyma with large air chambers, not stomata, no guard cells, can't be closed
Antheridiophore - a gametophore bearing antheridia only
Thallus -no stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system
Archegoniophores - the stalk or other outgrowth of a prothallium upon which archegonia are borne
The sporophyte generation
Sporangium lacks a columella
Have foot, seta, and calyptra
No peristome teeth
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Dehiscence does not occur by operculum
Elaters - single, elongate cells with thick spiral-shaped walls
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FIG 20-27
Division Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
Hornworts -
submerged aquatic plant
narrow forked leaves that become translucent and horny as they age
flat thallus from which elongated, hornlike spore-producing structures grow
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occurring worldwide
Any of several small green nonvascular plants
The Gametophyte Generation - production of sex cells in plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations
which then undergo mitosis
grow into whole new haploid organisms
use meiosis to produce spores
The Sporophyte Generation
Above foot is meristem that produces new sporangium cells
Spores are typically green, yellow, brown, black
No seta or sporangium
Have columella without spirally thick walls
Have a foot embedded in gametophore tissue
What is a Nonvascular Plant?
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
the plants cannot retain water or deliver water
other parts of the plant body go without water
have no vascular tissue or seeds
Spermatophytes - Cycads, Conifers, Angiosperms: have both vascular tissue and seeds
Vascular Cryptogams - Clubmosses, Scouring rushes, and Ferns: have vascular tissue but no seeds
Called “Brophytes” that are part of Embryophytes or “true plants”
FIGURE 20-1
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
lack true leaves, seeds, and flowers
Instead of roots, they have hair-like rhizoids
absorb water and minerals
to anchor them to the ground
lack vascular tissues
Classification of Nonvascular Plants
nonvascular plants are placed into one of 3 different divisions
Bryophyta
Anthocerotophyta
Hepatophyta
