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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Characteristics of…

- - - - gametophyte
        
        tiny
        
        inside pollen grain and ovules
      - sporophytes
        
        large plants w/ leaves/roots
  - - - frequently mistaken to be mosses or liverworts
  - - - true parenchyma derived by 3D growth
- - - - never free living
  - - - stomata at least on the base
        
        pf sporangium
  - - - retained by gametophyte
      - typically six cells other than egg
    - - supplied by the grandparent generation
        
        sporophyte
        
        endosperm formation
- - - - Fundamental structure
        
        two groups are quite distinct
        
        seta is delicate
        
        clear, thin walled cells
        
        collapses quickly
        
        most have a foot, seta, calyptra covered sporangium
        
        Sporangium
        
        differentiate into elaters
        
        do not undergo meiosis
      - little variability exists
      - basic morphology like that of mosses
    - - leafy liverworts
        
        orders Jungermannials and Haplomitriales
        
        resembles those of moss
        
        thin leaves on a slender stem
        
        two rounded lobes w/ no midrib
        
        no conducting tissue
      - thallose liverworts
      - gametophyte initiated when
        
        establish small, temporary protonematal phase
        
        spores germinate
      - liverwort protonemata
        
        never as extensive or ramified
        
        or as long lived as those of mosses
- - - - spermatophytes
        
        cycads, conifers, angiosperms
        
        :check: both
      - nonvascular plants
        
        often called bryophytes
        
        :red_cross: vascular tissues :red_cross: seeds
        
        arose first
        
        some later member- ancestors of vascular
      - vascular cryptogams
        
        :check: vascular tissues, :red_cross: seeds
        
        clubmosses, scouring rushes, ferns
        
        made feasible
        
        evolution of truly heterotrophic tissues
        
        roots, meristems, organ primordia
        
        especially phloem
    - - adaptation to terrestrial habitats
      - vascular xylem and phloem developments
      - origin of seeds, leaves, woody growth
      - their origin from green algae
  - - - began to adapt to living on land
      - evolved to survive drying of their streams
    - - low surface to volume ratio
      - ratained water better
    - - continue active metabolism
- - - - mosses- oogamous
        
        biflagellate sperm cells + large nonmotile egg cells
        
        sperm- produced in microgametangia
        
        antheridia
      - gametangia
    - - in almost all environment
      - ubiquitous
      - occur in all parts of world
      - perennial
        
        thrive in many places within cities
        
        Mnium on soil
        
        Tortula on walls
- - - - parenchymous
        
        typically lives for less than 1 year in temperate climates
        
        act as winter annuals