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This patient is infected with Clostridium tetani (downstreams (cardiac…
This patient is infected with Clostridium tetani
Upstream
Clostridium tetani produces a toxin that affects neurons and their ability to release neurotransmitters.
can be transmitted by using dirty needles.
patient just got that tattoo yesterday, and that the tattoo parlor was “sketchy.”
Hasn't been vaccinated for this bacteria
direct
toxin enters through blood stream
then into neuromuscular junction
blocks inhibitors from motor neuron
causing uncontrollable contractions in muscles
muscle spasms
downstreams
cardiac arrest
death
respiratory failure
death
sever muscle spasms
lack of inhibitory control on motor neurons
Breathing difficulty
possible death
pulmonary embolism
blockage main artery to the lungs
blood clots
Pneumonia
infection in the lungs
death
hypertension
elevated blood pressure
seizures
laryngospasm
Uncontrolled/involuntary tightening of the vocal cords
trimus
Jaw cramping
lock jaw
elevated heart rate
anatomy
spinal cord
important part of the nervous system
directly attached to the midbrain
where toxin progresses
neuron
cell body
nucleus-containing central part
gray matter, of the spinal cord and brain
axon
carrying outgoing (efferent) messages
voltage gated channels
dendrites
receivers for chemical messages between the cells
chemically gated channels found
relay messages and responses
tell muscles when to relax and contract
Relax
decrease tension in muscle
Contract
increase tension in muscle
summation
No summation
pre synaptic neuron slowly firing Far apart
temporal summation
same neuron keeps repeating the same message rapidly over and over again
a neuron uses more than one message to determine if it should depolarize
spatial summation
more than one neuron sending messages at the same time
inhibitory neurons
stop neurons from firing unnecessarily
toxin blocks this from happening
skeletal muscle fiber
attached to bones
allows for movement
controlled by a motor neuron
blood stream
deliver blood supply to all parts of your body
all connected
allows for bacteria to reach all parts of the body if undetected by immune system
how toxin interrupts neurons and effects other parts of the body
Motor neuron
controls skeletal muscle fibers
conducts a nerve impulse that causes movement.
also known as efferent neuron
neuromuscular junction
a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
where motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
ACh attaches to chemically-gated ion channels on the sarcolemma.
toxin blocks this from happening
muscle fibers
perimysium
middle layer of connective tissue called
fascicle
endomysium
Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers
individual bundles
aponeurosis
connective tissue between skin and bones.
sarcolemma
plasma
membrane of muscle fibers
ACh attaches to chemically-gated ion channels on the sarcolemma.
action potential
a moving change in membrane charge
voltage-gated sodium channels.
actin
thin filaments
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm
myosin
thick filaments
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves calcium ions
sarcomere
Each packet of these microfilaments and their regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin
neurotransmitters
stimulus that triggers depolarization
chemically gated
potassium
chlorine
sodium
only open for certain chemicals
in dendrites
voltage gated
only open at a certain charge
Excitatory
open channels that make cells more positive
depolarize
EPSP
1 more item...
Inhibitory
open channels that make cell more negative
hyperpolarize
IPSP
1 more item...
in the axon
communication occurs between nerves and muscles here
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response
transduction
action potential generated in the sarcolemma
travel along the neuron’s axon
which branches through the muscle, connecting to individual muscle fibers at a neuromuscular junction
muscle contraction
calcium ion channels
calcium released