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Patient was experiencing severe face and arm muscle spasms and can hardly…

- - - - they produce a toxin called tetanospasmin
- - - - muscle spasms can interfere with breathing
        
        cause lack of oxygen
        
        which can induce cardiac arrest
        
        which can lead to death
        
        respiratory failure is the most common cause of death
- - - - normal function when sending messages:
        
        electrical message is sent down the axon of a motor neuron and arrives at the axon terminal
        
        neurotransmitters are released which bind to the muscle fibers causing them to contract
        
        shortly after, the neurotransmitters are released from the muscle fibers which will allow them to relax
        
        but if affected by tetanus:
        
        bacteria enters the blood stream, which then effect the motor neurons and causes uncontrollable contractions
        
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        after 2-14 days, the toxin reaches the motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord
        
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- - - - the heart
        
        can cause abnormal heart rhythm
        
        if tetanus is not treated, it can lead to death
      - blood vessels
        
        spores can produce living tetanus bacteria and also release a toxin called tetanospasmin which then enters the blood stream
        
        the bacteria can reach motor neurons by the blood stream
- - - - electrical message is sent down the axon of a motor neuron and arrives at the axon terminal
        
        neurotransmitters are released which bind to the muscle fibers causing them to contract
        
        shortly after, the neurotransmitters are released from the muscle fibers which will allow them to relax
- - - - neurons with two extensions from the cell body
      - found in special sensory neurons, such as the retina of the eye
      - they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, and balance
    - - neurons with one extension off of their cell body
      - often found in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
        
        sensory neurons
      - In addition to pain and touch, they also carry information about temperature, taste, proprioception
    - - neurons with multiple extensions from the cell body
      - allows for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons
      - located in the central nervous system
        
        most abundant in the body
  - - - conduct impulses WITHIN the central nervous system and integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper output
    - - carry impulses AWAY from the central nervous system effectors, such as muscles, organs, or glands
        
        multipolar
    - - transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or organs TOWARDS the central nervous system
        
        unipolar
- - - - the sarcolemma (membrane) of a muscle fiber depolarizes and causes voltage gated sodium channels to open
        
        the action potential travels across the sarcolemma because of voltage gated sodium channels channels
        
        then voltage gated calcium channels open
        
        calcium then binds to troponin
        
        tropomyosin unblocks the myosin binding sites on actin
        
        myosin attaches to and slides past actin
        
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        tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites on actin which causes myosin to not be exposed
        
        troponin keeps tropomyosin in place but can be bumped out of place by the ion calcium
        
        this is where the neurotransmitter is released at +30
- - - - two EPSPs close in time add together (temporal=time)
        
        summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold and AP fires
        
        basically its one neuron sending a bunch of messages
        
        threshold equals -55
  - - - two EPSPs at the same time from different locations add together (spatial=location)
        
        summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold and AP fires
        
        basically this is when multiple messages are coming in from multiple neurons
    - - if a presynaptic neuron creates an IPSP, it can override the EPSP created by another neuron
        
        an EPSP brings the neuron closer to threshold
        
        an IPSP brings the neuron farther from the threshold
        
        together, they (nearly) cancel each other out
        
        hyperpolarization and depolarization
  - - - the electrical "sum" of those messages predicts whether or not the neuron depolarizes
        
        the magic number that the sum reaches is -55mV
- - - - become more positive
      - sodium channels
  - - - become more negative
      - potassium channels
      - chloride channels
- - - - which then blocks neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons
        
        this causes uncontrollable spasms