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Housing and Management In Layer for Rearing And Production …

- - - - Centre of the room must be accessible
      - Avoid dark area in building
      - Entrance must be clearly visible
      - Litter dept should not exceed 2 inch
      - Use light coloured litter material
      - Feeder and drinker should be 2-3 meter away
      - Perforated floors must be 7 degree gradient towards nest
      - Avoid feeding during laying
        
        Do a regular flock inspection
      - ollect floor eggs as soon as possible
  - - - • Golden rule
        -Birds should never experience on increase in day length until the planned light stimulation start and a decrease in day length during production cycle
      - • Step-down and step-up
        
        -To make pullet more sensitive to light
        
        -8-10 hours per day
        
        -Age of 14-15 weeks (to stimulate sex maturation
        
        -A quick step-up will induce an earlier on-set of egg production
        
        -Slow step-up will delay the on-set of lay
    - - • Light programme must be adjusted to match the natural day light
      - • Number of daylight in a naturally lit breeder she’d should not be greater than 2-3 hours longer than what the bird had in the rearing shed
- - - - Starter diet
        
        Until chicks reached the body weight target at 3 weeks of age.
        
        high nutrient density
        
        made out of raw materials excellent quality and digestibility.
      - Grower feed
        
        until the chicks have reached body weight
        target at 8 weeks of age
      - Use of pre-layer feed for parent stock
        
        Gives better uniformity due to higher protein and amino acid.
        
        critical period on development of sexual maturity
        
        higher calcium contents and improve shell quality at early maturing hens at later age.
        
        Supplies additional available phosphorus
        
        Prevents feed excessive high initial egg weight due to its low linoleic acid content.
    - - 2 phase
        
        Phase 1 ( 20 - 50 weeks )
        
        Protein = 19..2
        
        Calcium = 4.10
        
        Phosphorus = 0.44
        
        Linoleic acid = 2
        
        Phase 2 ( > 50 weeks )
        
        Prorein = 18.4
        
        Calcium = 4.3
        
        Phosphorus = 0.54
        
        Lineleic acid = 1.6
      - Feed intake rely on
        
        Temperature
        
        Feathering
        
        Feed texture
        
        Energy lever
  - - - Floor rearing should consist of a well littered, climate controlled, illuminated shed and provide slightly raised roosting places.
      - Rails/perches should be available to chicks before 6 weeks of age.
      - Mounting feeders and drinkers on or alongside the perches is very effective preparation for the production phase.
      - Floor rearing systems with a droppings pit on which feeders and drinkers are mounted effective for familiarizing the birds with the design of breeder house.
      - To develop immunity against coccidiosis.
    - - Able to accommodate more birds per square metre of floor area than deep litter system – total of usable space is greater
      - Multi-tiered perchery systems
      - The levels are furnished with plastic or wooden slats and feature manure belt ventilation.
      - Feeders and drinkers usually located on bottom and middle levels
      - Top level used by breeders at night as roasting area.
    - - Straw must be clean and free of mould.
      - To reduce dust formation the straw should not be chopped but should be put down as long straw.
      - Splicing improves moisture absorbency.
      - Long straw has the added advantage of encouraging the chicks to forage.
        
        It stimulates the birds’ natural investigative and feeding behaviours, thus reducing the risk of feather pecking.
      - Wood shavings are good litter material provided they are dust-free and come from softwood varieties that have not been chemically treated;
        
        minimum particle sizes of 1 cm are recommended.
    - - Important environmental factors are temperature, humidity and the level of toxic gases in the air.
      - Temperatures should always be reduced gradually to avoid sudden changes.
      - The best temperature for optimal FCR is 22-24°C at relative humidity at least 40-45%.
  - - - Placement of chicks in floor systems
      - Chick behaviour
    - - 3 main components
        
        Laying nests
        
        • Easy to access by hens.
        
        • Prefer at central location of house
        
        • Dark nest
        
        • Don't allow pullet access the nest too early
        
        During Laying period
        
        -Nest should closed 2-3 hour before end daylight
        
        -Nest should open 2-3 hours before start daylight
        
        -To prevent: soiling, broodiness, mites and keep floor of nest box clean
        
        Percheries
        
        • Covered with wooden, wire mesh or plastic slats
        
        • Feeder and drinker usually located on the lower tiers
        
        • Stocking density -14 birds per square meter
        
        • Before deciding the system:
        -must look at existing construction
        -select an installation that can be readily adapted to the existing building
        
        Floor system
        
        • Sticking rate in range 6-8 bird m-²
        
        • 80-90 cm of high dropping pits covered with wooden wire mesh or plastic slate (⅔ floor space)
        
        • Feeder, drinker and laying nest must on top of the dropping pit
        
        • Littered scratching area of sand, straw, wood shaving or other material (⅓ floor space)
        
        • Rail or other elevated for resting place
    - - Age 18- 20 weeks
      - • Move cockerels one or two day early to improve their dominance
      - • Gentle rehousing and careful adaptation to the new surrounding for good production result
      - • After transfer:
        
        -bird should be dispersed evenly across the building
        
        -water and feed must be available immediately
        
        -light should be left on
        
        room temperature mist in comfort range for the bird
        
        -don't disturbed during first 24 hour
      - Management during the early days
        
        • Provide attractive meal-type ration with good structure
        
        • Running the feeding lines more frequently
        
        • Feeding when the trough is empty
        
        • Lighting of feeding installation
        
        • Moistening the feed
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Affect health and reduce productivity of flocks
      - Cause high mortalities cases in flock (due to transmission of disease)
      - Further inducing stress which subsequntly causes :
        
        Cannibalism
        
        Feather pecking
        
        Declining production
    - - Use of insecticides (or other suitable chemical)
        
        Focus on places with high potential of mites hiding place and other pests
  - - - Only healthy flock should be vaccinated
      - Record of vaccination and vaccines should be kept
    - - Individual vaccination :!:
        
        Injection and eye drops
        
        Effective, well tolerated but very labor intensive
      - Drinking water vaccination :!:
        
        Not labor intensive but require greatest care to be effective
      - Spray Vaccination :!:
        
        Highly effective, not labor intensive but may occasionally induce side effect
  - - - Disinfect boots and only use the farms protective clothing in the farm area.
      - Keep control of mice and rats infestation under control
  - - - As soon as hen were brought out of farm
        
        Use insecticide to treat walls and ceilings while the building is warm
        
        Should be kept soaked for 24 hours
        
        After : use pressure washer staritng to from ceiling all the way down to floor
        
        Make sure to reach crevices, ventilation elements, pipe work as well as edges and tops of beam
        
        Drinker and all portable equipment taken outside
        
        Must be cleaned and disinfected
        
        Drinker lines shoud be flushed thoroughly and disinfected
        
        All parts of feeding installation and feed silo must be thoroughly cleaned, washed and disinfected
        
        Litter and dropping are cleared as far away from the building
        
        Leftover feed is also included
- - - - Store eggs at 22°C if setting within 4 days, or 17–20°C if storing for
        5–12 days.
  - - - Fog or spray eggs using modern disinfectant
        
        Safe and the fog reaches all of egg and eggs do not wet
        
        Fog
        
        most popular method
        
        Spray
        
        can use a small droplet size BUT spray will not reach all of egg without help of fan for air circulation
        
        Formaldehyde (Fomalin) :!!:
        
        No longer reccommended :no_entry:
        
        Harmful to embryo
        
        Increse numbers of early embryonic death
        
        Hazardous to human health
      - Vaporization
        
        Less investment in equipment
        
        But chemical that are safe to be used anywhere hardly to be found
    - - Disinfection in breeder farm
        
        Benefit :smiley:
        
        Reduce microbiological load as soon as possible
        
        HOWEVER cannot exclude risk
        
        Floor eggs or dirty eggs may have beem contaminated